The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

The book The grizzly Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway was both a fisherman and a Nobel Prize winner. The story is go by in a small fishing village near the Cuban coast. Hemingways expresses in his tone that he feels sorry for the superannuated man. This is shown because he mentions everything that the old man doesnt have going well for him and also makes the reader realize the pain that the old man goes through. The point of view in The Old Man and the Sea is from that of the old man, Santiago.The Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who thinks that his luck has ran out. Before he got old he was a very good fisher and could catch plenty of fish. Now however he hardly ever catches anything. Santiagos young ace Manolin used to fish with him but he had to stop because his parents wanted him to fish with someone who caught something everyday. After weeks of not catching anything, Santiago goes out and catches the largest fish that he has ever seen in his life. He has a hard time getting it up and it takes away all of his strength. He has an point harder time getting it covert to the village because it is night and all of the sharks are feeding off of it. He is unable to do anything about the hungry sharks. Upon finally returning to the village, he is so tired that he is not able to worry about this fish and goes directly to his shack and sleeps for an extremely long time. When he is awaken by Manolin, he finds that the fish that he caught was destroyed by the sharks and that all of his efforts were for not. However Manolin encourages Santiago to continue fishing because he still has much to learn about the sea.Santiago is the principal(prenominal) character in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea. He is an old fisherman who seems to have very bad luck at fishing even though when he was younger he was a very good fisherman. Hemingway describes him by saying, Everything about him was old except his eyes a nd they were cheerful and undefeated. Even though he is old and poor, he still considers himself to be the top dog. Santiago knows that he is not doing very well but he still had to go out and the drive to continue fishing, which is what he enjoys doing.

The Flight Path of Airplanes Over Neighborhoods Essay -- Solutions Pap

The Flight Path of Airplanes Over Neighborhoods The houses cant be unbuilt, and the airports cant be torn down. But maybe the fences can be mended. Robbie Sherwood In the past 10 years, many cities across the country have outgrown the planners expectations. Unfortunately the airports that were built 20 or more years ago, have not grown with the cities. Phoenix has tripled in size in the past 10 years. The tripling of air traffic has not had anywhere to go. The same two runways that have been serving the city since 1935 when the airport was built have been extremely all over loaded. It is not just happening in Phoenix, a few years ago Denver received a new airport to relieve the rising tide of traffic from the older Stapelton Airport. In Irvine California, El Toro Marine Air Base is scheduled to be closed next year, and running into opposition to be reborn to civilian use. The mixtures in the National Airspace System (NAS) are always happening, either in the routing of traff ic or the airports on the ground. The problem arises when the traffic routes change faster than the airport system does. As said above, there are some changes that are going on in the system right now. To keep the growing number of flights operating at Sky Harbor construction of a new third runway is underway. The 7,800-foot parallel runway is scheduled for ending in spring 1999(Sky harbor international Airport 4). In Denver the traffic load that was being handled by Stapelton Airport was too high. When Denver planetary (DIA) opened in February 1995 it could immediately take three times of the traffic that Stapelton could the week before. I believe that the airports around the country and specifically in Phoe... ...Harbor International Airport. http//www.ci.phoenix.az.us/AVIATION/airports.html (2 Dec. 1998). Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. List of Airport Tables. http//www.nrdc.org/nrdc/nrdcpro/nrdcpro/foc/phazps.html (2 Dec. 1998). Record of Approval Scottsdale Airport Noise Compatibility Program. Federal Aviation Administration. http//www.faa.gov/arp/app600/14cfr150/roasdl.html (28 Oct. 1998). Scottsdale Airport general Information. City of Scottsdale Transportation. http//www.ci.scottsdale.az.us/airport/general_info.asp (28 Oct. 1998). Sherwood. Robbie. Airports Runway to future Bumpy Olive Branches offered to Williams Neighbors. Arizona Republic. 25 Oct. 1998, community ed. EV1+. Sullivan, George. Personal Interview. 27 Oct. 1998. Whats New. Williams Gateway Airport. http//www.flywga.org/whatsnew.htm (2 Dec. 1998)

Comparison of Scales of Justice and Gattaca :: Contemporary Society Literature Essays

Comparison of Scales of nicety and GattacaThe texts Scales Of Justice and Gattaca are two texts which go away the reader to witness a variety of interpretations and explore the relevant issues that are visible within contemporary society. Such issues as corruption within the law of nature force, racism, sexual harassment, discrimination and manipulation of power are shown to give different interpretations of issues which plague todays society and potentially our future.Scales Of Justice shows the corruption in the police force. It is a fictitious portrayal of organised crime and human weaknesses in an unstated Australian location. It is about the possible hollers of power in the police force and is a study of power and its potential to corrupt. The drama is concerned with organised crime both petty and at a high level, involving those in senior positions of responsibility.Scales of Justice shows where corruption begins and allows us to see the many examples of the fine line our police must tread. The first act, The Job raises many issues. The issue of abuse of power and corruption is also shown with the politics of law enforcement. It shows the extent to which the Australian system of criminal justice conforms to our liberal democratic views of fairness, openness, accountability and efficiency. The discrepancy amidst the police image and police practice is shown by the act police put on in certain situations. Another issue is the paperwork load carried by the police officers and the effects that this has on their attitudes towards their work. The attitudes of male and female members of the police force towards alleged victims of rape is another issue which Scales OF justice rises in its portrayal of a corrupt police force.Act One of Scales Of Justice is a study of the limits of integrity. It shows the naivety of a policeman in which his ideas bring him into conflict with his colleagues.In Scales of Justice power and the abuse of it is shown mainly through corruption within the police force. It shows us that along with power there can be negative and compulsory effects on people lifestyles.In Scales of Justice it is shown that there is a certain hierarchy and those in higher positions often dominate and control those in positions that are below them. A classic example of this is Sergeant ORourke and Probationary Constable Webber. ORourke is basically a bully in his position.

Disney Techno-Nature Essays -- essays research papers fc

Disney Techno- recordLike most Disney material, nature themes were incorporated into the earliest parks, including Adventure subvert, Frontierland, Natures Wonderland, and the newest, wight Kingdom. Disney carefully edited these natural settings that show the less wild side of the wilderness. However, how does the tourist comprehend the illusions? How are the plants and animals adapting to reflect the illusion, and how are they refreshful by the interactions with both human nature and Disneys technological nature? These questions and more will be answered within the following sections Definitions, Technological Nature, Kilamanjaro Safari, and The Final Answer.The Animal Kingdom is a modern exhibit designed to follow the natural pattern of an African community. The most eye-popping attraction, the Kilamanjaro Safari, is an open-air, nearly barrier-free animal reserve at Floridas Walt Disney World. It was a major shift from a cow playground to a zone of care for other wise caged ani mals. Here, African animals freely frame through acres of savanna, rivers, and rocky hills. The rider is advised to be aware, You never know what could happen in the wilderness (Tate 1).DefinitionsBefore I can initiate to consider the nature of the Animal Kingdom, the definitions of nature and technology must be established. Websters American College Dictionary lists nature as the natural world as it exists without human beings or civilization. In the case of the Animal Kingdom, this definition is inappropriate because Disney itself is a man-made civilization, with merchants, restaurants, and restroom facilities. Technology is defined as that branch of fellowship that deals with applied science, engineering and the industrial arts. This definition of technology can be reworked to fit the Disney model of nature. What exactly does Disney do? Disney applies technology to the Florida area. Technology has allowed for hundreds of acres of Florida land to be safely destroyed by means of controlled burning. With the help of technology, Disney has transported lonely zoo animals and put them in their original surroundings once again. Technology uprooted pieces of Africa to best care for African anim... ...hat make it real and separate it from the dangerous possibilities of nature. It is non to say that Disneys Kilamanjaro Safari is naturalistically correct or incorrect it is a representation, and not a reproduction of the true African savanna. How can nature be surpassed, you ask? Disney. Thats how.Works CitedCorliss, Richard. Beauty and the Beasts. Time Magazine 20 April 199866-70.Gunther, Marc. Disneys Call of the Wild. Fortune Magazine 13 April 1998120-124.King, Margaret J. The Audience in the Wilderness The Disney Nature Films.Journal of Popular Film and Television 24.4 (1996) 60-68.Phillips, Dana. Is Nature Necessary? The Ecocriticism commentator LandmarksIn Literary Ecology. Eds. Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm.Athens, GA University of Georgia Press, 1996 . 204-22.Mongeau, Lionel, former Disney Imagineer. Telephone interview. 19 March 2000.Shklyanoy, Polina. Out of the Bottle. Advertising Age 1 February 1999 4.

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1.6Papildytos realybs mikroprogram trkumai ir krimo ikiaiiame poskyryje nagrinjami pagrindiniai papildytos realybs mikroprogram krimo ikiai, nuo kuri priklauso ateityje sukuriam mikroprogram funkcionalumas ir pritaikymo vairiose pramons srityse efektyvumas.1.6.1Techniniai papildytos realybs mikroprogram krimo ikiaiKiekvienoje sudtingoje sistemoje, tam kad ji nepriekaitingai veikt, reikalingas daugelio sudedamj dali tinkamumas ir suderinamumas. Papildytos realybs sistemos nesiskiria. Nors dauguma papildytos realybs krimo technini komponent yra nuolat tobulinami, didiausios ios technologijos technins problemos yra susijusios su objekto atpainimu, jutiklio tikslumu ir platform suderinamumu.Objekto atpainimo problema (dar vadinama registracijos problema) yra vienas didiausi iki papildytos realybs mikroprogram krjams. Sudtingas ir netobulas objekt atpainimo algoritmas smarkiai apriboja toki mikroprogram veikim. Realaus ir virtualaus pasaulio objektai turi bti nepastebimai suderinti vienas kito atvilgiu, nes kitu atveju dings iliuzija, kad virtuals objektai gali egzistuoti tikrame pasaulyje. Tinkamai neisprendus ios problemos, sukurta mikroprograma nebus vertinama ir naudojama.Jutikli tikslumo problema yra labai svarbus papildytos realybs mikroprogram krj ikis. Jutikli tikslumu daugiausiai yra paremtos mobiliems renginiams sukurtos papildytos realybs sistemos. iuolaikiniai imanieji telefonai ir planetiniai kompiuteriai daugiausia naudoja stebjimo technologijas, tokias kaip skaitmenins vaizdo kameros, akselerometrai, GPS, giroskopai, kietosios bsenos kompasai, RFID ir belaidiai jutikliai. Tokios stebjimo technologijos silo skirtingo lygmens tiks... ...2.7Papildytos realybs vertjasMilijonai moni neidrsta keliauti po savo svajoni alis ir miestus vien dl to, jog nemoka toje vietovje paplitusios kalbos, nesugeba susikalbti su vietiniais ar perskaityti nuorod ir perspjim. Keliaujantiems i problema sukelia daug rpesi ir nemaloni patyrim, todl visais manomais bdais bandoma j isprsti.Papildytos realybs tekst vertjas yra puiki ieitis. Imaniajame telefone ar planetiniame kompiuteryje diegus speciali mikroprogram ir nukreipus rengin nesuprantama kalba parayt tekst, ekrane realiu laiku ir realioje vietoje parodomas vertimas ta kalba, kuri vartotojas supranta ir pats pasirenka.Gatvi enklai, autobus ir traukini tvarkaraiai, laikrai antrats, restorano meniu ir vitrin reklamos visa tai galima iversti vartotojui suprantama kalba ir nelaikant rankose popierinio odyno.

Export Strategy Belgian Chocolate Factory

Table of contents Introduction 1? Presentation of the company 1. 1? History 1. 2? Philosophy 1. 3? system 1. 4? The companys activities 1. 5? Activities concerned by the tradeation 2? macro instruction economic analysis 2. 1? LE PEST C analysis 3? trade strategy 3. 1? The occasions of the companys international opening 3. 2? The current exporting strategy 4? exporting abilities 4. 1? The export diagnosis 4. 1. 1? The issue tool 4. 1. 2? The finance 4. 1. 3? The products 4. 2? Analysis of the German securities industry 4. 2. 1? The quaternary C framework 4. 2. 2? Satisfyer 5? Dolfins SWOT analysis 5. 1. 1?Explanations of Swot 6? Recommendations 6. 1? Competition on the German market 6. 2? Distribution problems 7? Conclusion 8? Bibliography 1? 2? 2? 2? 2? 3? 3? 5? 5? 7? 7? 8? 10? 10? 10? 10? 10? 11? 11? 13? 14? 14? 17? 17? 18? 19? 20? Introduction In this report, we pick out chosen to analyze Dolfin, a Belgian company that has been producing fullflavoured deep brown bars si nce 1989. We pass on be analysing the exports of Dolfin, which right away is exporting to 22 countries most the world. The purpose of this report is to make an export audit in parade to check if the company meets the necessary requirements.The important purpose of this report is to build a SWOT analysis regarding the export of the company in hostel to propose development strategies linked to it. In range to do so, we invite divided our work into 5 parts first an analysis of the company, bitely we will focus on the international environment of Dolfin. After that we will move on to its export strategy before developing its export abilities. Finally, we will analyse Dolfins management of international operations in order to conclude with recommendations.The country we have chosen to explore is Germany, firstly beca example it is one of the biggest consumers of coffee tree in the world1, and secondly because recently Dolfin has faced some issues in order to export to this co untry. Besides, Germany is Dolfins main exporting country. PONTILLON, J. ,( coordinateur),Cacao et chocolat fruit, utilisation, caracteristiques, Paris , Editions TEC et DOC, 1998, p25. 1 ? 1 1 Presentation of the company 1. 1 History Two Belgian br another(prenominal)s Michael and Jean-Francois Poncelet who dogged to follow in their fathers footsteps, created Dolfin in 1989.Both of them grew up with a fascination for the process of making java. 2 Always pushchair in mind this craftsmans approach, forcing the tool to meet the demands of quality, rather than the other way around, the sales have been rising steadily, amounting to 220 tonnes in the year 2000. The top-of-the-range bars and Neapolitan chocolate squ ares are now on offer in prestigious emporiums such as Selfridges in London, La Grande Epicerie in Paris, the KDW in Berlin and the Sony Plaza in capital of Japan. 3 1. 2 Philosophy4 For the master chocolate makers of Dolfin, chocolate is a passion.They dare to create t he intumesce-nigh unexpected combinations, to invent the subtlest harmonies, searching as a team up for the finest ingredients selected from the best that nature offers. Their chocolate coverings are made of exclusive recipes, constant in quality and taste. Dolfin in addition offers a wide range of chocolate, from 32% chocolate in milk chocolate to 88% in the bitterest. Containing less sugar, less fat and much cocoa than traditional recipes, Dolfins products concentrate the nutritional and redress qualities of chocolate. Simple and authentic, chocolate is stored naturally for a long era (one year without any preserving agent). 1. Organization Dolfin is a Belgian private limited company with a turnover of 3. 000. 000 and a net profit of 429. 237 in 20085. WORLD WIDE CHOCOLATE, Dolfin chocolates and chocolate bars, universal resource locator finish http//www. generalchocolate. com/shop_dolfin. html (viewed sixteenth November 2009). 3 Dolfin Dark chocolate, universal resou rce locator palm http//www. finedarkchocolate. com/Chocolate/Dolfin/index. asp (viewed 16th November 2009). 4 DOLFIN, Philosophie, universal resource locator calculate http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the 16th November 2009).? 5 NATIONAL BANK OF BELGIUM, Comptes annuels en euro, 2008, 18p. , URL address http//banquenationale. e/pub/ (viewed the 20th November 2009) 2 ? 2 Organization chart General chocolates Company Holding Dolfin S. A. 5 Shareholders JJ. de Gruben Administration Finance market R Production Purchase Quality Sales department 1 person 1 person 2 persons 12-15 pers. 1. 4 The companys activities The main activities of the company are Gourmet squares with personalised incase The original activity of Dolfin is to make chocolate bars for companies with a personalised packaging in order to be used as gifts or as advertisement. Nowadays, even though this activity has decreased, it still represents 25% of the turnover.As a small company, Dolfin is more than waxy and can offer tailor made products. The Dolfin chocolate range offers chocolate bars of 30 and 70 grams, Gourmet squares, chocolate flakes and dark chocolate petals with flowers, Jacqmotte coffee chocolate bars. Tohi cross off this wise Dolfins brand created in September 2008, is organic certified ( say-soled by Certisys) and fair trade (controlled by Max Havelaar). 1. 5 Activities concerned by the exportation ? 3 Dolfin chocolate bars are exported in more than 22 countries, often in peculiar(prenominal)ised delicatessen .It is considered as fine chocolate, and it is sold in the nigh luxurious and prestigious place in trendsetters cities such as Paris (Lafayette), London, New York, Berlin The Tohi brand is unaccompanied exported in health forage shops to make accredited people trust the brand before selling it in other shops. ? 4 2 Macro economic analysis 2. 1 LE PEST C analysis In order to figure clearly the environment in which our organisation work s, its important to make a LE PEST C Analysis. This one ensures Dolfin to adapt its strategy to each specific market taking calculate of the external environment. Legal aspects There are 3 specific laws and normsThe HACCP norms in Belgium (Hazard Analyses Critical Control Points) regulate the quality of food industry products by preventing, managing and controlling the production chain6. The ISO 22000 specifies requirements for a food safety management system where an organization in the food chain needs to demonstrate its ability to control food safety hazards in order to ensure that food is safe at the time of human consumption. 7 This norm is applicable to all organizations, regardless of the size, which are involved in any aspect of the food chain and want to implement systems that consistently provide safe products. European Directive The labelling and the unveiling of chocolate and cocoa products are regulated by the E. C (directive 2003/13/EC and 2000/36/EC). On a global v iew, pre-packed foodstuffs (to be delivered to the final consumers) moldiness comply with compulsory ideals on labelling and advertising. On the packaging must(prenominal) appear the name under which product is sold a list of ingredients the potential allergens the posture date the conditions for keeping the place of origin FOULON L. , Hygiene et technologie de chocolaterie, Bruxelles, CERIA, syllabus, 2009-2010, p. internationalist Organization for Standardization, URL address http//www. iso. org/iso/catalogue_detail? csnumber=35466 (viewed the 02nd of November 2009). 8 Idem 7 6 ? 5 Each of these indications must be written in an easily understood language (official language of the country of marketing), especially for the chocolate or cocoa derivatives, we should alike mention if at that place is a use of vegetable fats9. Ecological With the growing concern rough the environment, Dolfin has to sign on into account various environmental pressures.For several years now , it decided to excuse its greenhouse gasses emissions and has become the first neutral carbon chocolate factory in Belgium. Moreover, a lot of specific materials are now forbidden and companies have to adapt. Due to that, Dolfin has made contracts with some firms specialized in ecological packaging. Political The political stability and the good relationship in the midst of Belgium and Germany are crucial. Economical Globally, Germans are scared of the pretension level10. The sector is dependent on cocoa which is quoted on the stock ex swap market and real sensitive to speculation.Moreover, its a seasonal worker product and there is a slack period from March to June. Sociocultural Here is a growing concern for several years with healthy food and obesity which can lead to a change in food habits and the need of specific products (less sugar, more cocoa). Technological For all new projects, Dolfin has to think about environmental pressures. Competitivity The competition in the se ctor is tough. Dolfin is a middle-upscale product and have to compete with multinational companies and other upscale product.Furthermore, in this sector, the competition is all the more intensive as products can be easily imitated. After launched a new one, competitors can copy the recipe without toughy. ?EUROPA, Etiquetage, presentation et publicite des denrees alimentaires, URL address http//europa. eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packaging/l21090_fr. htm, (viewed 1st November) 10 GERMAN CULTURE, Germany in the World Economy, URL address http//www. germanculture. com. ua/library/facts/bl_germany_world_economy. htm (viewed on the 15th of November).? 9 ? 6 3 Export strategy 3. The reasons of the companys international opening Dolfin didnt really aspire to export in the beginning but it came out as a good solution. On the one hand, the brand (Dolfin and Tohi) can keep their own shops in Belgium in order to boost the sales and to improve the brand sensati on among potential new nodes. On the other hand, Dolfin can export its products on the international market, which appeared to be the best solution because Belgian chocolate has a worldwide good reputation abroad. The three main countries where Dolfin is exporting are Germany, France and the United States of America.As explained before we have decided to focus on the German market. To understand the situation we will first have a look at the evolution and how they penetrated the market in 2001. In 2001, at the Ism fair (one of the almost important fairs for chocolate makers) in Germany, German importers showed interest to import the companys products. We could say that Dolfin did not really have a strategy build for that. They decided to export in order to satisfy this demand. They started with 2 distributors Feinkost (confectionery) and Suesswaren (delicatessen). They had exclusive contracts with these 2 distributors.By 2005, according to Nathalie Trachte, one of the administrat ors of Dolfin, the interest for quality food in Germany is increasing. This means they prefer to pay more for high quality chocolate bars than eating a huge quantity of bulk chocolate. By that time, Dolfin effected they had no commercial strategy in Germany and that they had precise few market shares. In 2006, the turnover of the German exportations dropped off by 15%. The reasons are first, because twain distributors became competitors secondly, it was due to the increasing number of new chocolate products on the German market. 1 In 2008, despite the crisis, the price of raw materials and the cultural fear for inflation in Germany, the exportations remained at a certain level. Moreover specialised shops decided to focus on bestsellers resembling Dolfin. However, the turnover kept on decreasing. In 2009, because of the very long summer, the season started a bit later. 11 Belcolade Conference, Salon de Paris 2009 (14th 18th October 2009) ? 7 Belgian export to Germany (code SH18- cacao)12 (M ) Chocolate and Cocoa Total export 2002 202,87 2003 199,60 2004 217,878 2005 240,18 2006 249,03 2007 278,49 2008 281,42 9. 402,07 31. 067,38 34. 037,69 35. 271,04 38. 451,03 38. 727,10 42. 605,73 This graph demonstrates an evolution in the Belgian exports of chocolate and cacao towards Germany between 2002 and 2008. This represents an increase of about 38% in 6 years. This means that Dolfin is acting in a growing market and that there are still opportunities to seize. 3. 2 The current exporting strategy Dolfin started to rethink the way it was exporting to Germany. In 2007, they decided to use the 5 Ps theory Product launching new products and combining new flavours. Price the price is higher than other standard chocolates as they sell quality products. However, it is not as expensive as premium chocolate. They didnt want to change the price as they consider it as a fair one for a mid-upscale product. As we are talking about a niche product, changing the price wouldnt be a able action to take. Communication by mail with Mrs Stas Marie, Service Evaluation et Strategie, Agence Wallonne a lExportation et aux Investissements Etrangers, 3/11/09 ? 12 ? 8 Place Dolfin started to look for suitable places for their products in order to create a luxury, exclusive image.They decided to work with only one of the 2 distributors. Promotion Dolfin decided to advertise, to promote, to organize tastings in shops, purgative more press articles, etc People the question was are they working with the right people and do they know them enough? As a response they change magnitude the number of visits to distributors. In a nutshell, Dolfin is using direct exports selling its products straight to distributors. ? 9 4 Export abilities 4. 1 The export diagnosis 4. 1. 1 The production tool The production capacity Dolfin exports today 85% of its total production out of the Belgian territory.However, its only using half of its production capacity. The production adaptab ility Each exporting market has its own demand specificities and likings, thats why Dolfin pays special attention to analyze the product and make sure it will be suitable for most of the export markets. 4. 1. 2 The finance Dolfin gets its money mainly from the shareholders. They get subsidies from AWEX for the set up of the website, commit for fairs, stands, catalogues, etc. Dolfin doesnt invest a lot in investigation. They actually wait for potential customers to come to them. 4. 1. 3 The products The Bio-physical characteristicChocolate has 6 main enemies humidity, temperature shocks, too high temperature, light, insects and smells The transport should also prevent strong smells to reach the chocolate because the cocoa butter is very sensitive to the smells. Chocolate is a perishable commodity with an average life time going from 12 to 18 months (depending on the flavours). Therefore, it is essential to assure, on the one hand, a quick transportation and, and on the other hand, g ood transport conditions to balk the chocolate to become white if the temperature is not suitable. The regulatory criterionChocolate existence an alimentary product, several norms and regulations are in use worldwide. As seen before, in Belgium we have the HACCP norms and companies also apply the ISO 22000 along with the European directives. ? 10 4. 2 Analysis of the German market 4. 2. 1 The Four C framework From the mid nineties to the late nineties, Germany was considered as a mass market as wholesome as a very compressed price market. thus the Germans were known to be big consumers of milk chocolate buying low quality chocolate. However, in the late nineties, beginning of 2000, interest for quality increased and Germany became a connoisseur market.That is when Dolfin entered the German market. tradeing is a system for identifying and satisfying customer needs and wantsprofitably 13. In order to do so, tunees have got to be customer oriented, which means they have to think in their point of view. In fact, the four P framework we analyze previously will be now born-again into Cs Product = Customer Solution Quality products are of great interest as well as organic certified products as it is a growing trend. Design and packaging of Dolfins products are attractive to target audience and they are original. For the packaging, they respect the European directives concerning languages that must appear on the label. Indeed, in the case of Germany, customers can read the ingredients and other type of information in German, but also in French, English and Dutch. Doing this, Dolfin can use the resembling packaging for Belgium or other countries where these languages are spoken. 59% are loyal to their brand14. Price = Customer Value Does price matter? For some, absolutely Germans are the most price-conscious chocolate buyers (35%)15. But Dolfin suits its prices to the audience it targets, so there is no changeTLATLI F. , Behaviors of the actors of the marke t, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010. BARRY CALLEBAUT, Survey, 2008, URL address http//www. barrycallebaut. com/56? group=,year=,lang=en,keyword=,page=1,release =4072,read=en (viewed 15th November) 15 idem 14 13 ? 11 needed regarding this. Furthermore, according to Nathalie Trachte the costs related to the chocolate production dont enable them to lower their price. 16 Regarding the payments, they act several(predicate) towards European and non-European customers. Indeed, customers inside Europe like Germany have to pay the first 5 orders in advance.After this period theyll get 30 days quote for each order. If the customer doesnt pay after those 30 days, Dolfin wont accept any order from them. Outside Europe, another policy is apply in order to hedge risks. They wont deliver products, unless they have received the counter-part and this for every order. Nathalie Trachte also pointed out the fact that prices or payments negotiations are difficult and long but once they are achie ved, they do not discuss them again. Place = Convenience In Germany, Dolfin sells its products through different channels.The company is represented in small specialized shops but also in high class supermarkets. Their geographical coverage is very large. Indeed, you can find Dolfins Chocolates almost over but only in luxurious places. This is very important for the image of the brand. In Germany you find them next to competitors such as Domori, Valrhona, etc. Concerning the transport of the goods, they use the Inco basis Ex Works, which means that the seller, in this case Dolfin, puts the goods at the disposal of the buyer in his accommodations17. As seen previously, the transport has to take into account the bio-physical characteristics of chocolate.Futhermore, we will analyze the reason of this choice in the SWOT analysis. Promotion + PEOPLE = communication They especially emphasize on this concept. Indeed, satisfied customer is the best advertising. In terms of Ps, promotion and especially people are of great importance since they allow Dolfin to erect a good dialogue between both their suppliers and customers. As analyzed previously, due to the crisis the company had to review its strategy and in order to do so, they focused their attention on communication. This permits Dolfin to be closer to their distributors and hence their customers.Personal converse with Nathalie Trachte, Administrator and Marketing responsible, Dolfin, Bruxelles, Belgium, 27th October 2009.? 17 HEINEN M-L. , Managing International Operations, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010, p. 39. 16 ? 12 4. 2. 2 Satisfyer Dolfin has to know how to develop its customers satisfaction. They are looking for global satisfaction to have total happiness. Because it is not only at the point of sales, but most of all while consuming the product that the customer becomes satisfied, Dolfin is concentrating its efforts on the intangible elements, the most important part of satisfaction.Indeed, for t hem, launching new quality products with original recipes is important but not only they also have to invent other elements around that product in order to differentiate it from the competition with the aim to bring customers satisfaction. Within this concept of intangible elements, we distinguish the basic ones and the active ones. As regards Dolfins basic intangible, quality is of great importance. Thats why, they stress on good services and constant quality to deliver what they promised to the customer.To ensure that, Dolfins production methods conform to the strictest and most up-to-date standards of quality and cleanliness. One of the priorities of Dolfin is not only to make sure ingredients come from considered and concerned sources, but also to check-out procedure up-to-date in respect to the environment. In fact, Dolfin became the first CO2-neutral Belgian chocolate maker. Related to that quality, Dolfin is trying to create continuity. Indeed, focused on the future, they h ave to make sure the customer will remain loyal to them. To do so, they are also trying to launch and deliver their new creations on time as well on the market as to the customers.This can only work if Dolfin can trust its customers, but also it has to have good relationships inside and outside the company. wrong the company, everybody knows each other as they are only 15. Outside the company, they are working with suppliers and distributors they have known for a long time. For the dynamic intangible, we can say that it is a prestige product for which the customer knows he will spend more money than for a standard chocolate, but in exchange, he gets a good feeling eating it. ? 13 5 Dolfins SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Organic and Fair-trade Brand Max Havelaar & Organic? ifferent production schedules Organic acres certified Packaging language, experience, resistance and traceability Respect of sanitary rules A. F. S. C. A No allergens contained (targets wider audience) Small company faster decision making Present in trendsetter cities No intermediaries (closer to customer) Tastings, workshops, exhibitions in shops Production capacity not fully used Not in charge of the transport (Ex Works) CO2 neutral ? more controls (Max Havelaar) Low financial backup Not in charge of the transport (Ex Works)Opportunities Few competition for Belgian organic chocolate Growing demand for fine dark chocolate in Germany18 Good reputation of Belgian chocolate19 Threats Cocoa is quoted on the stock exchange Profit linked to cash flow management Competitive market Copying of packaging and recipes Seasonal product World wide economical crisis 5. 1. 1 Explanations of SWOT Since some of the elements were not seen before or could be misunderstood, we would like to add more information. STIGSET M. , German Chocolate Market Is Saturated, Association Head Says, URL address http//www. loomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601100=aosOXeX9FzD4=germany (viewed 17th N ovember 2009) 19 MERCIER, J. , la tentation du chocolat, Belgique, Editions Racines, 2007, p82-101. 18 ? 14 Strength Their packaging is the same for Belgium as for Germany because it is written in 4 languages. Besides, the experience in packaging is due to their first activity in the chocolate business, in which they were making private label range products with Dolfin chocolate in it. They are very conscientious regarding traceability. Therefore, every packaging has a mount on it. Within their new export strategy, they focus on the promotional aspect. Indeed, Dolfin organises tastings, workshops to attract the customer in an original way. The production capacity not being fully used, the company could increase the production without spending too much money on new machinery. Consequently, the company could raise its production capacity very quickly and respond faster than competitors to an order. In most cases, Dolfin doesnt organize the transport. They use the Incoterms Ex Wor ks. This allows them to focus on their production and not on transport issues.Besides, their customers (importers) are used to transport and know better how to do it. Nevertheless, Dolfin sometimes recommends a transport company to its customers. In 2008, Dolfin took the initiative to reduce its emissions of CO2 by 15%. Moreover, they took part in a project in Rajasthan to offset their remaining CO2 emissions20. That way, Dolfin became the first CO2 neutral company of Belgium. Weaknesses Having an organic and fair-trade brand does include some disadvantages. Firstly, the production schedule will have to be modified in order to prevent contamination between both accomplished and organic production.Secondly, Max Havelaar (fair trade) and Certisys21 (organic) check the production to make sure it is worth its organic and fair-trade certification. The disadvantage of an Ex Works system is that customers may want a full service. However, Dolfin sometimes makes exceptions for some cust omers. Opportunities There is a growing demand for higher-quality dark chocolate in Germany22. Germans are becoming connoisseur and prefer quality. DOLFIN, Environnement, URL address http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the 20th November 2009).. 1 CERTISYS, Organic Guarantee Certisys, URL address http//www. tohi. be/En/home. php? lang=En (viewed the 16th of November). 22 STIGSET M. , op. cit. , p. 12 20 ? 15 Threats The cocoa is quoted on the stock exchange in Pounds per ton. This means this raw material is very sensitive to speculations. Furthermore, the production of cocoa depends on the weather, the climate previsions (droughts, floods, plants diseases) but also the political situation in the producing countries. 23 In addition to that, other raw materials are also quoted (milk powder, sugar ). As regards the profit of the company, it is inked to the purchase of raw materials because the cocoa price is very volatile. Unfortunately, a price increase cannot f ully be rejected on the client, and the company has to channel the burden of this problematic situation. A good cash flow management is of great importance. It is capital to get paid from customers before paying suppliers. Therefore, Dolfin has to manage well its purchases and sales cycles they need to have a positive net working capital. In the chocolate sector, we observe a lot of copying of both the packaging and recipes. Indeed, during fairs for example, it is common to spy on the competition.Therefore, industrial companies copy the ideas of smaller chocolate makers. Recently, because of the crisis, the bankruptcy of a big customer has consequences on the financial situation of Dolfin. 23 PONTILLON J. , op. cit. , p. 1.? ? 16 6 Recommendations In order to propose recommendations, it is of interest to analyze the history of the current export strategy of Dolfin. We have seen that in 2001 Dolfin started to export to Germany on the demand of two German importers. In fact, Dolfi n didnt plan to export at that time and they didnt develop any export strategy in order to do so.They just did it, and, until 2007, business went good sales and turnover increased every year. But in 2007 things went on differently. Dolfin started to loose market shares, and business didnt go on better in 2008. Starting from that point, we are going to build our recommendations. By interviewing Nathalie Trachte, administrator and manager of the marketing department of Dolfin, we well-tried to find out the reasons of the current situation. Out of the discussion appeared two essential facts the competition on the German market has strongly increased and Dolfin is facing statistical distribution problems. . 1 Competition on the German market As developed previously in the cross-cultural analysis, we have to think and act in terms of customer solution and not the other way around. Recent surveys of Barry-Callebaut24 reveal some figures about the German chocolate consumers. Here are som e interest conclusions 60% prefers milk chocolate only 37% consumes dark chocolate (less than all other Europeans) German consumers are especially groovy on change 25% of German chocolate lovers surveyed regularly try different types and flavours.Among a trend towards premium chocolate, original, organic and fair trade chocolates are becoming increasingly popular. To be able to offer customer solutions to the German consumers, we would recommend to increase the amount of milk chocolate products it offers. For example, currently, only 5 out of the 17 flavours of the chocolate bars of 70 grams are made with milk chocolate. to develop the marketing around Tohi. Indeed, as fair trade and organic food become more popular on the German market, we shall respond to this demand. This should be done through smart advertising.As we noticed before, Germans are sensitive to good quality products and keen to change 24 BARRY CALLEBAUT, op. cit. , p. 11 ? 17 as mentioned above. Therefore, it is of great importance to increase the customers awareness regarding the combination of quality organic- and fair trade, with a particular stress on the quality of Tohis product. With these 2 recommendations we hope to respond to the problem concerning the increase in competition. 6. 2 Distribution problems To address the second problem relating to the distribution, we shall focus on ommunication We intrust that frequent meetings between distributors and Dolfins employees would improve the established dialogue. Indeed, by doing this, they can share the knowledge concerning Dolfin range of products, and also the philosophy and strategy of the company. This would be particularly interesting when new creations are launched. This enables Dolfin to have a more coherent strategy and to achieve cohesion between Dolfin, distributors and customers. This way, the message the company is sending will be understood the right way. This might take time and money to be implemented, but it is wor th a try.Lets now focus on possible openings First, hotel-catering trade (Horeca) is an attractive sector. In Belgium, the company has a partnership with le pain quotidien. We believe it would be interesting to seek for similar cooperation in Germany. Secondly, since chocolate sales are high during specific events such as Christmas, birthdays, Saint Valentine days, mothers/fathers days, etc They should develop new/original ideas in order to respond to this demand. Thats why we came up with the idea that a package including flowers and chocolate could satisfy the specific demand during those special days.However, it is important to point out that it would be a difficult business to develop since laws and norms concerning foodstuffs are very strict. Finally, as the e-business is spreading all around the world, we idea Dolfin should develop a new strategy regarding this. On the one hand, it would enable the company to reach new customers and on the other hand, it allows being closer t o their already loyal distributors/customers. Nevertheless, this implies hiring new employees who can manage properly both businesses and the creation of a new department.In addition to that, it is difficult, through the web, to be close to their clients and to establish a good communication. ? 18 7 Conclusion We have reached the end of our analysis and it is now time for us to conclude the work. Firstly, we want to thank Nathalie Trachte for her awe and vital information. By doing this paper weve learned to think in terms of international market and export. Weve encountered 2 main problems during this assignment the distribution and the competition on the German market. In order to tackle these, we have relied on the SWOT-analysis which we have built up, in order to develop recommendations.We do hope these will be suitable for Dolfin. For each of the 2 problems, we have tried to find possible solutions. In addition to that, we have also intended to be more creative, considering ot her possible market openings. Nevertheless, we have to bear in mind the fact that we are not professionals with an experienced background and we may have forgotten to take some aspects into account for the analysis. Furthermore, to make a relevant export audit, more time and more information, especially regarding the German market, would be required. ? 19 8 Bibliography 8. 1 Books FOULON L. Hygiene et technologie de chocolaterie, Bruxelles, CERIA, syllabus, 2009-2010, 35p. MERCIER, J. , la tentation du chocolat, Belgique, Editions Racines, 2007, 240p. PONTILLON, J. , Cacao et chocolat production, utilisation, caracteristiques, Paris, Editions TEC et DOC, 1998, 638p. 8. 2 Websites BARRY CALLEBAUT, Survey, 2008, URL address http//www. barrycallebaut. com/56? group=,year=,lang=en,keyword=,page=1,release=4072,read=en (viewed 15th November) CERTISYS, Organic Guarantee Certisys, URL address http//www. tohi. be/En/home. php? lang=En (viewed the 16th of November). Dolfin Dark chocol ate, URL address http//www. finedarkchocolate. com/Chocolate/Dolfin/index. asp (viewed 16th November 2009). DOLFIN, Philosophie, URL address http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the 16th November 2009). EUROPA, Etiquetage, presentation et publicite des denrees alimentaires, URL address http//europa. eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packag ing/l210 90_fr. htm, (viewed 1st November) GERMAN CULTURE, Germany in the World Economy, URL address http//www. germanculture. com. ua/library/facts/bl_germany_world_economy. htm (viewed on the 15th of November). International Organization for Standardization, URL address http//www. iso. org/iso/catalogue_detail? csnumber=35466 (viewed the 02nd of November 2009). ? 20 NATIONAL BANK OF BELGIUM, Comptes annuels en euro, 2008, 18p. , URL address http//banquenationale. be/pub/ (viewed the 20th November 2009) STIGSET M. , German Chocolate Market Is Saturated, Association Head Says, URL address http//ww w. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601100&sid=aosOXeX9FzD4&refer=german y (viewed 17th November 2009) WORLD WIDE CHOCOLATE, Dolfin chocolates and chocolate bars, URL address http//www. worldwidechocolate. om/shop_dolfin. html (viewed 16th November 2009) 8. 3 Interview Personal interview with Nathalie Trachte, Administrator and Marketing responsible, Dolfin, Bruxelles, Belgium, 27th October 2009. 8. 4 Others Belcolade Conference, Salon de Paris 2009 (14th 18th October 2009) Communication by mail with Mrs Stas Marie, Service Evaluation et Strategie, Agence Wallonne a lExportation et aux Investissements Etrangers, 3/11/09 HEINEN M-L. , Managing International Operations, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010, p. 39 TLATLI F. , Behaviors of the actors of the market, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010 ?

Motivational theories Essay

Maslows opening is based on the belief that we are professionalpel by desires and the system of rules states we must satisfy underlying needs in order to concentrate on the higher priorities. And only when the basic needs are met can we incite on to the next steps 1. Pysiological All individuals needs to eat, sleep and drink as a priority 2. Safety WE every need to feel prophylactic in our homes and the working environment and managers can romp a lead role in ensuring we care safe at work 3. Belonging We need to feel loved and belonging both at home with our families but also in our work place 4. Esteem Once the 3 basic need are met we look for confidence and respect from others especi ally in our work place 5. Self Actualization Top of the pile We have strength and mentality to thinks, problem solve and use our skills to the the best of its abilityMaslows theory tends to be very ingenuous, rather easy to follow and makes sense as it lead basic needs that whitethor nbe somewhat forgotton ab egress. If making a new start then Maslow theory is ideal as it is very basic and starts from the place of all our needsHerzbergs conjectureHersbergs theory is some what different to Maslows theories in being it concentrates on 2 factors and are all work related though Maslows theory starts with basic needs in life 1. hygienics factors are Disatisfiers and the less we have to worry about the more we be motivated. Factors such as Quality of supervision, company policies, trading security will all have an impact on round motivation and this would certainly be the case with the council as they have the ability to dissatisfy 2. Motivation Factors such as Promotion opportunities, recognition Achievment and responsibility will satisfy all staff without a head as they can stimulate. These factor all realte to the work itself and how an employee performs it. Overall the Herzberg theory Herzbergs theory show that fixing problems within the work place related to Hygiene factor may narrow down job dis satisfaction but wont necessarily improve a workers job satisfaction. To improve job satisfaction you must address the motivational factors and press on them ie giving recognition to staff and showing staff a sense of execution for what they do.Vroom antepast motivation theoryWhereas Maslow and Herzberg look at the relationship between internal needs and the resulting effort expended to fulfil them, Vrooms expectancy theory separates effort (which arises from motivation), performance, and outcomes. Vrooms expectancy theory assumes that behaviour results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom realized that an employees performance is based on individual factors such as somebodyality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He stated that effort, performance and motivation are linked in a persons motivation. He uses the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Val ence to account for this.Expectancy Is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance i.e. if I work harder then this will be better. This is affected by such things as Having the right resources available (e.g. raw materials, eon) Instrumentalityis the belief that if you perform swell up that a valued outcome will be received. The degree to which a prime(prenominal) level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. i.e. if I do a wide job, there is something in it for me. This is affected by such things as Clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes e.g. the rules of the reinforce game Trust in the people who will take the decisions on who gets what outcomeValence Is the importance that the individual places upon the pass judgment outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value carrys of additional time off. The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined effort-performance expectancy (EP expectancy) and performance-outcome expectancy (PO expectancy). EP expectancy our assessment of the probability that our efforts will lead to the required performance level. PO expectancy our assessment of the probability that our successful performance will lead to certain outcomes.At first glance expectancy theory would seem most applicable to a traditional-attitude work situation where how motivated the employee is depends on whether they want the reward on offer for doing a good job and whether they believe more effort will lead to that reward. However, it could equally apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome. Thus, Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the con tribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes.McGregor Theory X & Theory YMcGregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work Theory and X and Theory Y. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between.Theory X workers could be described as follows Individuals who dislike work and avoid it where possible Individuals who lack ambition, dislike responsibility and prefer to be led Individuals who desire securityThe focus implications for Theory X workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, our Business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. Theory Y workers were characterised by McGregor as Consider effort at work as just like rest or play Ordinary people who do not dislike work. Depending on the working conditions, work could be considered a source of satisfaction or punishment Individuals who look responsibility (if they are motivated)The management implications for Theory X workers are that, to achieve organisational objectives, rewards of varying kinds are likely to be the most popular motivator. The challenge for management with Theory Y workers is to create a working environment (or culture) where workers can show and develop their creativity. (www.tutor2u.com)Maccobys Theory of Motivation Michael Maccoby suggests that in order to motivate staff, leadership should employ an appropriate mix of the 4 Rs Responsibilities, Relationships, Rewards, drives. Responsibilities People are motivated when their responsibilities are meaningful and engage the abilities and values. For example our caring staff are motivated by helping others like teaching and mentoring. And our craftsmen are motivated by the challenge to produce high quality products.Relationships People are motivated by good relationships with bosses, work colleagues and customers. Someone who is caring is motiv ated if they have the chance to help colleagues and customers. Also a intemperate team of colleagues who have a strong bond will be motivated to mention the bond strong.RewardsApreciation and recognition are the kinds of rewards that strengthen motivating relationships. Rewards such as Bonuses, recognition, promotion will all motivate an employee to try their best and push for results. This is also the case when people are painf fair wages and good benefits to make a good job.ReasonReasons can be the most powerful motivator of all. Why are we doing the job over and over again? What is the point of it? If workers have a good explained reason on why they are doing what they are doing then they will be motivated to carry on. For Example workers doing assembly line work during knowledge base War II were highly motivated as it was there contribution to the War effort and the aim of winning the war.Evaluate the Usefullness of one motivational Theory for Managers As above you can see al l of the theories show different ways in which motivation can be achieved and all have their pros and cons. During this time of change I feel that MaCobys theory of motivation would definitely be of use to all Managers in motivating our staff. allow me explain why The for Rs are in my turn very easy to understand for Managers and staff, Responsibilities, relationships, rewards and reason are all very simple terms.ResponsibilitiesFirst and forth most it is of vital importance that our staff know their responsibilities. Have the jobs changed? Have working conditions changed? How can we get bring the best out in our staff. The time is right to evaluate responsibilities, alternate jobs and give staff more of different roles responsibilities. Managers need to show that they are willing to develop all staff. Teach new skills and give them the responsibility to bring the best out in them.Relationships Team bonding is essential during this time of change. Managers need to concentrate on bu ilding good strong relationships with there staff so that they can build trust and a sense of security. It is also important that Line Managers keep the relationship of the team of individuals strong and a need to identify any rifts or issues. During this time, new staff will be bought in, existing staff may leave or be moved or transferred so the manager must keep in constant contact with the staff and ensure that the parley amongst staff is strong.Rewards Managers need the opportunity to reward staff for their efforts. The chance of promotion to a higher vacant position will certainly motivate the staff but of course this can not always be the case so recognition for the services provided by staff will certainly go along way. The annual Council forum is an excellent way of achieving this as is provides recognition and rewards for staff who have been committed to the Council, staff who have a good absence seizure record and also staff who have achieved a major goal in the work for ce on a under graduate qualification.

Native American Headdresses

Headdresses atomic number 18 a great symbol of the American tralatitious attire. They ar a representative of the beautiful American art work. Most of the showdresses in the American art history have been associated with the Indians and South Americans . The history of the headdresses can be traced back in the sixteenth century. Since then the Americans have had a variety of headdresses all which are do in different styles and decorations. The headdresses dealwise had various heart and were faint during specific occasions (Beamer,23).The paper discusses a collection of the autochthonic American head dresses, how they were feed, when they were worn , the ethnic groups associated with them as well as the differences amongst the headdresses. One of the headdresses in the native American history is the Feather fight cowling. The war bonnets were do of feather and were very(prenominal) common in the western movies and tv shows. This war bonnets remain the best among the Indian headdresses in America. They were worn by most of the Indian tribes in the Great Plains who included the Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Black feet,Crow and the Sioux.The bonnets were worn during black-tie events. The bonnets were make of three types which included the Trailer war bonnet, Halo Warbonnet and the strait-up warbonnets. All the three types were made from tail feathers of the Golden eagle. Every single feather utilize in the ar devilrk had to be worn from very brave actions. some of the feathers were painted red in colour to commemorate certain events or deeds. opposite decorations added to the feathers included the ermine skin and also beautiful bead work. The war bonnets were very crucial array worn by the chiefs and the warriors during ceremonies.This war bonnet was entirely a masculine headdress and was non worn worn by the women even if they went to war or they were chiefs (Taylor,113). The Indian men wore this bonnet sometimes when they were competitiveness al though it was usually reserved for the formal occasions. In the 18th century, the native American men started to were the warbonnets to boost the American tourist industry. As the native American tribes divided, Indian tribes assumed different territories and they attached different means to the traditional raiment. The new tribes that were formed adopted the warbonnet as fashion and a general regalia that symbolized authority.As for the traditional plains Indians they referred to the feather warbonnet as a holy symbol of mens courage and honor. Each of the feathers in the bonnet had it own different tale. Today, the Eagle feathers are excuse honored by the plains Indians and they are awarded to those who work in the armies and also those who perform very brave actions (James, 67) The Roach Headdresses which are also referred to as the porcupine Roaches were also very famous headdresses among the Indians in the United States. It was common among the tribes that lived in the east si de of the Rocky Mountains.This type of headdresses were made from very stiff animal hairs-breadth mostly from the porcupine guard hair, the deers tail hair and the moose hair. The hair was designed to stand up straight from the head and this was made possible by attaching the hair to a leather base or bone hair ornaments. The hair was normally dyed to enhance its with bright colours. Other decorations that were attached to the regalia were feathers and shells. The roach headdress was worn differently depending on the tribes of the men wearing it. It was normally worn by the dancers and the traditional warriors.They were also masculine headdresses and they were therefore not worn by women. Different tribes attached different meanings to the Roach Headdress. Most of the tribes wore the headdress during war or battle. Other tribes wore the roaches as traditional dancing regalia and also as a sports gear. Today the roaches are important dancing regalia for males in most Indian tribes (Beamer,27). In the west of the rocky mountains, there was another common headdress commonly known as the basket hats among the native Americans. The hats were made of different shapes and styles by the different native tribes.The Indian tribes from atomic number 20 made small rounded hats that were usually made from tight coiled sumac (James, 69). The coastal tribes, the Haida and the Salish made large hats which were more round from spruce pedestal or cedar bark fibers. This regalia was generally feminine and was worn by women and girls. The hats were made in very decorative styles to enhance their beauty. The regalia was worn during ceremonies and also as a dancing regalia. This baskets had a special symbol of giving information about the person s clan, status and also ones achievements in the tribe(Taylor,118).Another popular regalia by the native Americans was the feather headbands. This was a headdress that was common among very few communities in the northeast woodlands of America. The head band was made from finger woven and also beaded skin from the deer . The woven band would then be tied around one or two feathers. They used a variety of feathers from the eagles, hawk, turkey, crane feathers and also egret feathers. The headband was unisex and could be worn by both men and women. Unlike most regalias , the headband was not associated with war or battles.The feathers that were used to make the band were not attached to any special meaning although the eagle feathers were always associated with the warriors. They were worn for their beauty and they were therefore very grace using different patterns, beads and also quill work (Creighton, 98). Buffalo headdress is also another traditional regalia associated with the warriors from the plains Indians. They were kind of helmets made from the buffalo hides and had a pair of buffalo horns attached to them. The headdress was also containing shaggy fur from the buffalo skin and a tail was attached behind.Ju st like the warbonnets, the horned headdresses signified the tribes spiritual believes and was also worn during ceremonies. The regalia was worn by very distinguished male warriors. It was less common than the war bonnet because only a few communities used it and it was also meant for very few persons who had certain specific brave actions (Milia, 57). The Otter fur turbans were also among the traditional regalia worn during ceremonies. They were made of fur and with a hanging tail. They were usually adorned with beads. They were formal headdresses with great symbolic significance.They were worn during formal events by the warriors who were not entering battle. To date, the otter caps are worn during formal events by the men from the southern Plains Indians (Beamer,54). The Mexican, central and also the South Americans had their own headdresses which were made from feathers. This headdresses were very different from the war bonnets which were also made from feathers. The Aztecs and the Mayans who made this head dresses used to sew together many feathers which were then attached at the back of their heads using straps. The eagle feathers were not used to make this regalia.They used the feathers from the macaw, parrot and the Quetzal feathers. The head dress was also unisex and could be worn by both men and women. They were not associated with the war however they were used to signify nobility in the Aztec empire. Today they are worn by the dancers form Guatemala and also from Mexico (Taylor,221). Another famous headdresses worn by the native Americans were the masks. The most famous mask is the American Indian mask. The masks were used for religious functions. The masks were made in different types in respective to the different communities making them.Most of the Masks were made of the head and also skulls of very crucial animals. This included animals such as the buffalo bull, the wolf and also the bear. Other masks were curved from wood and were then decora ted using fur and leather. The masks were normally worn by men as a dancing regalia (Beamer,72). Other Traditional head dresses include the Iroquois gustoweh cap, the Hupa disturbance headdress, the Seminole cloth turban and the Pueblo headband. This were all masculine head dresses. The feathers that made the Gustoweh symbolize the specific tribe an individual came from.For example, three feathers attached to the gustoweh showed that the specific individual came from the mohawk haircut tribe. The flicker head dresses were worn by men from the northern California as a dancing regalia(Milia, 88). It was made from very wide leather strips which were decorated with the woodpeckers red scalps. The cloth turban was common during the eighteenth century. They were also decorated using feathers and were very common among the different native American tribes. The other head dresses which were common among the women include the Cayuga beaded tiara, peaked hood, the Eskimo dance headdress and the Wishram bridal headdress.The tiara was normally worn during formal events while the Wishram was worn during wedding ceremonies (James, 86). In shutting the native Americans had a variety of the traditional headdresses. They are still present today and they are sold in most headdress shops. They are very important to the Americans since they preserve their culture especially to the Indian-Americans. They are also a tourist attraction for both the domestic and the international tourists who are interested in the history of the native American art work. Work cited Arlene B.Hirschfelder, Yvonne Beamer. Native Americans Today Resources and Activities for Educators, Grades 4-8. Published by Libraries Unlimited, 2000,p 23-76 Colin F. Taylor. The American Indian The Indigenous People Of North America. heroism Books, 2002, p112-223 Davenport, Milia. The Book of Costume. New York, Crown Publishers, 1948, p 54-97 Gilbert, Creighton. History of Renaissance Art throughout Europe. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1973, p65-105 Laver, James. Costume and Fashion. A Concise History. New York, Thames and Hudson, 1985, p 67-89

The African-American Odyssey Essay

The emancipation of the African slave who was now disconnected from their traditions and way of life after nearly 300 years, is evidently a slap-up gush from the dam to the ebbs and flows of the cope. The end of slavery as we know it, presented a ball of mixed emotions among the nation North and SOUTH. Some slaves were grossly ecstatic to be free. For example, when a slave girl named Caddy, from Goodman, Mississippi found she was free, went to her mistress, flipped up her dress and told her Kiss my ass On the contrary, some slaves were apprehensive of existence free. For example, one elderly slave woman reportedly said, I ain no free nigger I is got a marster and mistiss Dee right dar in de great house. Ef you don believe me, you go dar an see. Though approximately slaves were detached from their families, m some(prenominal) managed to regroup and find their love ones after their emancipation and constructed close knit families. democracy was an viable means of survival in the minds of freshlyly freed custody and the government was eager to deem lands to the ex-slaves .On January 16, 1865, General William T. Sherman told the freedmen that they will receive the land they were in front of. They were granted the head of each family would receive possessory title to forty land of land. Sherman also gave the use of Army mules, thus giving rise to the slogan, Forty acres and a mule. Similarly in 1862 the Union military set aside land in Port proud, South Carolina, which became known as the Port Royal experiment. The freedmen bureau was created to aid newly freed slaves in the transition from bondage to freedom in 1865.After Lincolns assassination the succession of his Vice president, Andrew Johnson, to the government meant that the white owners of the lands, that were given to the freedmen, would be returned. Sharecropping became a sort of ebb in the river of the African-American progression as far as freedom was concerned. Presented as labor movement c ontracts by white land owners, the institution of slavery was extended under a cloud of debt. In which, the b overleap family, oft times became debtors due to the lack of honesty on the account of their white lender. Aside from family, among African-Americans, the shameful church became the most important institution.Not only did it fill deep spiritual and sacred needs, it offered enriching music, provided charity and compassion to those in need, developed community and political leaders, and was free of white supervision. With the end of slavery, blacks who then had to attend services with white parishioners who treated them as second class Christians, could now organize and attend their own churches. The advent of the black church definitely brought about a flow in the river of struggle for African-Americans. Education was a nonher flow in the river of struggle and a critical means of survival amongst people of color.It coincided alongside freedom. All who were versed in comma ndment of all sorts were summoned to indoctrinate the freedmen and their children. Teachers from all walks showed. Classes were held in churches, old slave markets, stables, taverns, homes, and former slave cabins. Funding came from various religious and political organizations and the Freedmens Bureau. Although white teachers helped a bit, black teachers were praised throughout the negro community because, as Rev. Richard H. Cain said , We must take into our own hands the education of our raceHonest, dignified whites may teach ever so well, but it has not the effect to exalt the black mans opinion of his own race, because they have always been in the garment of seeing white men in honored positions, and respected. Most colleges and universities for blacks taught elementary and secondary level curriculum. The introduction of the historically black colleges and universities was formed from the idea of a higher education for people of color. In the midst of the newfound freedom, re ligious organization, and education of Negroes which was an obvious flow, a reoccurring ebb presented itself in the form of violence.jurist for the black man was never considered in those times. Thousands of innocent African-Americans were heinously murdered without a single conviction of a white perpetrator whom committed the acts. atop the murders, black towns, businesses, churches, and schools were destroyed at the hands of the angry white southerners. The Failure of Reconstruction For the first time ever in history, a group of black men had concurrently became politicians. They were joined by the carpetbaggers of the north and the scalawags of the south in the Re state-supportedan constituency.Of the 1,000 men elected as delegates to the ten state conventions, 265 were black. Collectively, they drafted new, striking constitutions that, irrelevant the previous constitutions, allowed all men to vote even the ex-Confederates. Although, the Republicans displayed compassion upon th eir dealings with their opponents, the unruly Southern ego rose once more against the ratification of the new constitutions. In due course, the majority did manage to ratify and in each state, black men were elected to offices. As time progressed, nearly 1,500 black men were in office around the throughout the south.Among those were the likes of Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram R. Revels, Joseph Rainey, Jonathan J. Wright, Francis L. Cardozo, Robert Smalls, and Ferdinand Havis. This was a flow that led to inevitable ebb in the river of fight for African-Americans. That ebb presented itself in the form of the sluggish failure of reconstruction. Issues such as education, social welfare, civil rights, land, and businesses cussd the Republican frame of thought daily. The black leaders efforts to facilitate education throughout the black and unequal white communities failed overall.Lack of funds is the greatest blame for the inconsistency. At the time, there were no segregation laws, but whit es refused to let their children go to school with blacks. Though a valid effort amongst African-Americans was given toward civil rights, they did not receive the respect that every other law abiding citizen received. For example, they were not accommodated at hotels and on public transportation, nor were they served as paying customers at various businesses. The blacks who worked for the white landowners were being cheated daily as if they were still in captivity.White employers would either fire the worker ahead the harvest or make up outlandish fees and debts. Some just didnt pay at all Black leaders grew tired of the robbery and make laws to eliminate such happenings. The distribution of land amongst landless, yeomen, farmers didnt happen in all other state but South Carolina. Over 14 thousand black families and a few white families, received land. Black businesses, unfortunately, did not and could not flourish due to the lack of funds during the expanding of the railroad. O ther businesses made handsome amounts of profit but the African-American business owners could not cash in.Black politicians laid the foundation for public assistance, education, criminal justice reform but, could not do anything that directly dealt with their people. Reason being, was that they were the minority in the Republican party and in fact, were not allowed to ratify their own agenda. Besides, they couldnt agree on most things because they came from different walks of life. Bickering throughout the Republican party sparked a high turnover in political leadership and the spill of that very economic certification? This made for inexperienced leadership and added to Republican woes. Opposition came to the party in various ways Such as, the conservative Democrats who continued to heckle blacks who in any way participated in the political process and the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan, was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866, by ex-confederate soldiers who were hell-bent on eradica ting and/ or terrorizing anyone who didnt submit to southern culture. They used any means necessary to remove blacks from politics. The Enforcement conduct of 1870 was passed to prohibit Klansmen from wearing their regalia in public and valueed the civil rights of black citizens.The following year the Ku Klux Klan Act was passed and it made the interference of a persons right to vote, hold office, jury duty and equal protection a federal offense. The fifteenth amendment was passed in 1869, and later canonic in 1870. It clearly expressed the right to vote to all citizens but failed to address the literacy tests, property possession rule, or the poll tax that continued to plague voters. Radical Republicans and northern whites alike grew exhausted with the dependency of blacks, (as they saw it) and looked upon them as unfit to be involved in the political system.They thought that reconstruction had been a mistake. The Freedmens Bank was founded in 1865 and done well until the white board of directors foolishly invested in Washington, D. C. real estate. The Panic of 1873 brought about a significant loss in unsecured railroad loans. As a result, the bank closed in 1874. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was an act of good intentions, yet it was ruled unconstitutional by U. S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Bradley who, wrote that the Fourteenth Amendment protected black people from discrimination by states but not by private businesses. The end of Reconstruction was as brutal and contentious as the beginning. Blacks refused to vote in response to the terrorism inflicted upon them by the southern Democrats. The withdrawal of the federal troops that were to protect the rights of colored people left the black citizens with no means of defense and they therefore had to bow down to the numerous massacres that were to occur. The compromise of 1877, in which, Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Haynes, ran for the presidency, brought about more violence towards blacks and gre w worse as time passed.

Break Before University Essay

It goes without saying that people like having the things they dont have. Students always want to have a break later on a long time they were very busy with studying, especially earlier they come to universities a new environment with lots of challenging. Itll be not practiced for a student to have a year break before going to university because its really a waste of time, and they might forget their knowledge.Today, both(prenominal) of adults and children always try to learn hard. Knowledge is unlimited we never have everything in our mind. We learn bit by bit every day. If genius dinero working for one day, one eventually loses his knowledge. For one year, people can learn a lot of knowledge and experience, and youll be worse than others.Secondly, if you have a break for one year, it will take you to a greater extent than one year to come back your work. In some case, the inertia is so great that one cant go back to school.Last but not least, one might forget your lessons ea sily when one doesnt practice. When one comes to a university, onell continue learning your program in high school in a different way. Onell have to learn by himself more than following teachers. It takes a lot of times to learn this new habit.Taking a long break seems like a cool idea, but I will not jeopardize my college education. A student will have to coup with many problems after such a break. One should consult his teachers and his parents before making that decision.

Relationship of a Father and Son Essay

The moment where everything changed was the day Manning finally won his first arm wrestling match, his contract gained some respect towards him and they both learned worthy lessons. One was manning learned that his convey was a great parent in his own commission and his father learned that being rough isnt the all way you can show affection to your son. On the other hand, in Shooting Dad, Sarah Vowell describes the political differences her and he father have. In the house she states that angiotensin-converting enzyme was a republican and the other was a democratic (171).Every time they would try to start a normal conversation they would end up arguing, and having discussions of who use up who. In the end she matures and realizes that they both are actually very alike. Communication is not as easy as it seems but if you take the time to learn and pay attention to details in life youll find that your parents views arent so far off of yours. The fathers competitive side was his way of showing his communicative relationship with his son. Manning used to be able-bodied to enjoy a relaxed game of arm wrestling with his father before but as time passed everything became much real and competitive.He states, I always had to lose Want to try it again? he would ask, grinning. and with squinting eyes he would laugh at me, a high laugh, through his perfect white teeth (163). The relationship amidst the father and son was a physical rough relationship. The attitude of the father impedes the communication to surpass the bond of strength that they have now. The father was seen as the protector of the family. He was the tough guy, who wouldnt show emotions. The son realized that his father has been the person he was for them. He guided them and helped them in the toughest situations in life.The age difference impeded the positive communication between them. This all started when he was a teen. The mental state of a son differs from the mental state of a father. T he awareness, attitude, and strength all change as he matures over the years. As he grew he started working out more(prenominal) and became stronger while the dadaism was aging. The moment he realized he had matured and now viewed life contrary was when his dad challenged him to what was his last arm wrestling challenge between them. He felt sorry but the power that he was gaining was too exciting to let go of.When he was small the dad was the one with the power, he was the man of the house but now that he won he has now taken the debt instrument to take that next challenge and soon be the adult, the head of household the one to take care of the family. He learned a lesson that changed the communication between him and his father. In my life as Ive large(p) Ive noticed a difference between the communication of my father and I. Before we would talk near dolls and makeup and now we communicate by being rough. We have competitions about the smallest things like whats that color t o who will win the wrestling match or soccer game.At first to me all that was boring and bland, but as he started to get older he distanced himself from me. What stopped us from being able to communicate was the fact that we both had different views in life. I was focused on school and focused on achieving my goal to graduate and his focus was on his work and sports. We would spend limited time together that we had so much to talk about yet we would stay quiet for hours. He slowly became more involved in my school and studies and I would get pointers from him on how to play the sport correctly. Now during weekends we go to baseball games, basketball games, or to the library.Our bond has grown to be a strong relationship. The love between families is always there, its just that people choose to show their affection in many different ways. Manning and Vowell explain how they struggled to communicate with their fathers but overall they ended up figuring out that they are similar in man y way to their fathers. The form that Manning was able to communicate or interact with his father was through a physical tough relation and the Vowell was through nature as she took photos and as he killed it. Learning to communicate can be the key to life its just the matter of finding happiness between the people.

Bitstream

Some of them were top heavy structure, dissever of dimensions in the organization etc. Jim sole cleared all these issues truly intelligently. He started a team building process and the task and targets Of the company were made clear to e genuinelybody. According to Jim, he wanted the person who is able to satiate decisions and manage the people. Though Jim himself was in favor of selecting from his lot of people, but for the new venture in network printing, he thought that a person, who has some preliminary experience in the similar fields like alter and network printing, would be more suitable.The key was to get the accountability brain t right place and matching personal goals with the trick requirements that allow for make better chances of success. According to Sole, a person with positive attitude, intellectual curiosity, variety of experience, flexible, comfortable in handling situations, looking for fresh challenge was required. A person who can oversee the tail end of the development process and making sure that the ingathering is the one what the customer needed. Also the person should be seasoned and who can leverage the resources Bitterest has developed.Options available as suitable candidate The first candidate for the job IS William Wendell. He has the right kind of experience that is required, both in VARY and printing industry but not practically of it. As per the remarks from Peter, he is very political and very focused on own career. According to me the later characteristic matches with the requirement as the success of the exteriorize, as this bequeath sync with his own career advancement. The first remark is somewhat disturbing as for Bitterest a person who is a team leader and group worker is required.This will not disturb the team already there at Bitterest. The second option is Fred Fallow. According to me he is young and dynamic, but the experience is not that much for the job. He has variety of experience also. According to Peter remark, he is work hard and play hard kind of person. At times these types of persons are dependable but in certain situation they have casual approach that can lead to big problems. The third option is Chris Cowan. He has a lot of experience but according to me he is too old for this new project.At this level of experience, stubbornness comes in the attitude that will harm the new project as well as the teams developed by Jim. Even Peter remarks also tell that he is sometimes abrasive and headstrong. The last option is Mitchell Madison. resembling to Chris he has also tons of experience and in fact he is working as UP for the last 12 years or so. He can also develop similar attitude as Chris. As the remarks of Peter say that he is already getting almost $30000 more than what Bitterest is supplying to offer.Preferred choice According me the best suited candidate for the above post is William Wendell. He is young and having suitable work experience in both VARY and printing industry. Also he is career cautious that will add up for the success of the project. This is a developing field and he will surely want to do the best in this field. Though the danger is from his political side, but I think it may get tramline when he will join bitterest, where the culture is of team work. Apart from this he has all criteria matching with what desires.

October Sky Psychology Write-Up

Film Write-up 1 October jactitate is a based on a true story about a digging t makeship called Coalwood and one boys journey. kor Hickam is an adolescent boy whose life has been predetermined by his father, a foreman at the coalmine, to regulate down in the mines but he has a different final cause for his life. In October 1957, e realthing changes when the counterbalance artificial satellite, Sputnik goes into orbit. After he sees the satellite flying across the nights sky, Homer becomes inspired to learn how to build rockets.With his fri extirpates, who also are designate for the mines, and the local nerd, Homer sets to do just that by trial and a lot of error. Unfortunately, most of the town, especially Homers father, thinks that the boys are wasting their time. They dresst believe in what these kids are es read to accomplish, the only one who has faith in them is their uplifted schoolhouse teacher, Miss Riley. She understands what theyre trying to do and gives them the support and encouragement they need to become contenders in the national science fair with a college scholarships and a life out of the mines being the awarding.The four boys, Homer being their leader, fight through accusations by the law and attempts to destroy their dreams. They ban together along with the wait on of their once doubting town, in particular Homers father, to bring home the first prize at the science fair and go on to change their stars. Throughout the movie you could see in that respect was great tension between Homer and his father and I think it affects the relationships that he makes in the movie. At first we see Homer pining after one of the beautiful popular girls in his school but she is unattainable.Just like his fathers relationship, he cant have the affection that he wants and because of this he overlooks the girl who it quiet but beautiful inside and out who is clearly in revel with him. Once Homer figures out his place in the community and in truthiz es he doesnt need to work hard for a love thats not there he opens himself up to a real true love. I would characterize this as Eriksons stage, intimacy versus closing off where young adults need to manikin intimate, loving relationships and failure leads to loneliness and isolation.Because he struck out with the popular girl he went into isolation and focused only on his rockets. We also see Homer in Eriksons stage of individuality versus role confusion, while he was figuring out what his heart wanted we also see him trying to figure himself out. In the pedigree, Homer didnt know who he was, or what his life path was press release to be. He knew his father and the rest of the town had the idea that he would be a coal miner but he wasnt so sure what life held for him.It wasnt until his teacher encouraged him to charge up himself intellectually that he found his love for rocketry and science that he really began to find his identity. In the end when he becomes this town hero an d wins the science fair, his father shows up to his final rocket launch for the first time and we see Homer really feeling like hes become his own man and he has that respect hes always wanted from his father. I would also say that Homer exhibits two of the characteristics of adolescent egocentrism he shows invincibility fable and personal fable.In the very beginning of the movie when Homer starts out testing his very first rockets they werent well made or accurate but he still went ahead and tested out his ideas without throwing any caution to the wind. His very first rocket blew up his mothers fence but he still carried on make his ideas into a reality without testing them in a safe environment, the next rocket flew into the mining site and almost hit the workers. As Homer became more seasoned in his rocket making and more serious about his craft, he moved his test launches to an empty field which proved to be much safer for him and the community around him.The other characterist ic he exhibits is personal fable. He feels that his life is destined for something bigger than what has been set out for him. He believes there is something unique about himself that he needs to dower with the world. While his father and everyone else, including his friends, look down on this idea of breaking out of the mold he still stuck with his idea of becoming something bigger and better. At the end of the story he does in incident become the town hero and his dreams of greatness come to fruition as he grows up.

A Dream Deferred – a Literary Comparison

The ambition Deferred A Comparison Kristy Andrews Axia College of University of Phoenix In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard- landing, open African-American family struggling to make their pipe intakes bugger off true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those inspirations never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited woolgather is thwarted by sparing and social hardships. Each of the computer addresss in A Raisin in the Sun has a dream for which they base their whole happiness and livelihood on attaining.However, the character of Lena Younger, or Mama, differs from the other members of her family. Time after time, Mama postpones her dream of decl being a house and garden to carry on the dreams of her family members. Finally, when Mama receives the $10,000 insurance check, she feels that her dream can become reality, and purchases a house in Clybourne Park. Her dream drys up like a raisin in the sun when she removes that Walter gave the money to Willy Harris, who mysteriously disappears. Mama does not shatter only if because her dream has not been fulfilled. Lena Youngers strength of character has come from the steadfast endurance of hardship and a refusal to be conquered by it (Phillips 51). Mamas economic hardships may have killed her dream, but she has not allowed it to kill her. You can feel the desperation not only in the poem but also through the character of Mama as you read the passages of the poem and story. The symbol of the dream in A Raisin in the Sun is equal to the symbolism used in the poem by Hughes. In the story, we see what can happen to a dream that is deferred, which is what the poem speaks directly about.The social inequality which the Youngers encounter also does not hinder Mamas compassion. Mr. Lindner temporarily shatters Mamas dream of owning a home when he comes to the Youngers prepared to g ive them money to expire from Clybourne Park. The derogative use of you people by Mr. Lindner has little to no effect on Mamas steadfast decision to sham to Clybourne Park. Mamas dream of a house simply modifies. She does not care that the house is located in a neighborhood where there are no colored people.Mama concerns herself only with the fact that she and her family will own the house and not have to d swell in the tired, old apartment on Chicagos south side. In a sense, Mamas dream has crusted and sugared over like a sugary sweet (Hughes Lines 7-8). Her dream has changed to fit the circumstances she must cope with. The character of Mama represents those who do not shrivel up and die just because their dream does. Walter Lee Younger, Lenas son, is second only to Lena in arousing sympathy and pathos from the audience.The accurate play shows the development of Walters quest for manhood. Similar to Lena, Walters dream of owning a liquor store becomes hindered by his economic st ation, or lack of money, and his social linear perspective. In the opening scenes of A Raisin in the Sun, Walter does not occupy the position of head of the household. This secondary position to Mama demonstrates his frustration with his limiting environment, and plain Walters job show subservientness and inequality as a chauffeur to wealthy white people.Elizabeth Phillips comments, Consequently, he Walter is forever on the discoverer for a means of making more money, not only to enable him to give luxuries as well as necessities, but also to satisfy the deep inner need of e genuinely man to advance that he is capable of great achievement (54). Walters great achievement appears as a failure at first before revealing the man that he has become. The destruction of Walters first and superficial dream of owning a liquor store perpetuates Walters downfall. This symbolizes Langston Hughes question, Does it a dream deferred stink like rotten meat? (Line 6).The finish of Walters drea m occurs when Willy Harris disappears with Walters and Bobos money. Walter at long last understands Lenas sacrifice for him and the family with the words, That money is made out of my fathers flesh (Hansberry 1747). Walters lost dream rots his strength until he sinks to his concluding point in the play Walter plans to accept the money from Mr. Lindner in return for agreement not to move into the house in Clybourne Park. But in the ultimate test, Walter Lee cannot sell his own soul (Phillips 55). The gazump of both Walter and the family makes it impossible for Walter to accept Mr.Lindners offer. Walters final stand made to Mr. Lindner provokes Lena to announce to the family that Walter Lee has finally come into his manhood (Hansberry 1757). Walter lee Younger represents those who rise above their own weaknesses even after all the dreams they work for have been deferred. The character of Beneatha Younger illustrates the best-educated member of the Younger family. Beneatha dreams o f be advent a doctor. This dream originates from a puerility experience where a playmate injured himself while sledding, but a doctor was able to ransom him, with only a small scar left as evidence of the accident.This left Beneatha with the determination to learn medicine. Beneathas obstacles differ greatly from both Walters and Lenas. First, Beneatha is only twenty years old, and attractive. Women such(prenominal) as Beneatha were expected to wed and have children, not become a doctor or have any education pasts that of broad(prenominal) school. Second, Beneathas extreme naivete towards the world around her affects her perception of her familys and Asagais actions and words. When Beneatha learns of Walters loss of the money, she calls into question whether she will ever be a doctor.Mama reassures her that she will, God willing. Beneatha responds by blaspheming God. The deferment of Beneathas dream causes her faith to fester like a sore and then run (Hughes Lines 4-5). Beneathas faith had not wavered before, but now that all she has ever cherished is precariously hanging in the balance, she questions if God exists at all and that maybe it is man who makes miracles, referring sarcastically to her brothers gruelling mistake. Beneatha feels that all that she has worked for since she was a child has been stolen from her. This burden of doubt, sags like a heavy load (Lines 9-10).However, Joseph Asagai offers the solution of coming with him to Nigeria and becoming a doctor there, which fulfills both of her dreams of finding her African heritage and becoming a physician. Beneatha demonstrates her immaturity be her naive interpretations of Asagais actions and words (Phillips 59). She misunderstands Asagais proposal of marriage, and is unable to give the man who hit the sacks her so much and understands her so well a concrete answer. Beneathas complex character reveals another hidden quality towards the conclusion of the play. aft(prenominal) Walters confrontati on with Mr. Lindner, Mr. Lindner states pompously, I take it then that you have decided to occupy (Hansberry 1756). The simplicity of Beneathas reply is illustrates in the statement, That is what the man said (1756). Beneatha executes an ironic reversal where she refers to Walter as the man and not the white Mr. Lindner. Hansberry indicates with the previous statement that Beneatha has the subject to recognize greatness in others as well as the ability to respond with warmth and love to words and acts of family pride and dignity.Beneatha still encompasses some immaturity, but she shows great authority for good. Beneatha Younger symbolizes the immature psyche whose dreams are not completely decimated. The strength of character against social and economic hardships produce dreams that have the potential to prosper. The affects of a dream deferred vary intensely from person to person, as seen in the variety of characterization in the Younger family. Lorraine Hansberry draws a vivid description of the influence a dream can have on human beings. Similarly, Langston Hughes poem Harlem depicts how human beings react when a dream dies.Edward J. Mullen notes that Hughes poem represents the idea that, the inhabitants of this 1951 Harlem seem to be seeking feverishly and forlornly for some simple yet apparently unattainable satisfaction in life (142). Both Hansberrys play and Hughes poem establish a potent and human reaction to the death of a dream. The eloquence and reality of this is believable and almost felt personally by the reader due(p) to the excellent use of symbolism, imagery, and other literary devices by each author. It is in truth easy to see how these ii literary works are similar since they re dealing with exactly the resembling theme i. e. that of the dream deferred. However, remarkably there are also several differences. Since the poem by Hughes is of modest length, there are not nearly as many literary devices used for this type of literary work . However, it is the more powerful of the two in bringing the message across because you feel the same feelings after reading it even though it takes merely seconds to finish. Hansberry takes us through a heart-felt journey in which she hones her writing skills and uses several literary devices such as characterization, irony, and climax.She has a protagonist and antagonist, a setting, and makes use of allegory where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historic/geopolitical event. (Braiman) A Raisin in the Sun provides a compelling allegory of human nature, illustrating choices made and the consequences of such choices through its sharply-defined characters. Clearly these two literary works have similar as well as different aspects. They both include mood, tone, similar themes, and symbolism, and yet they both are introduced to the reader in very different ways.These works, although written m any years before some of the people who read them, are very important to the literary canon today. They represent something that is still a part of our culture today, and they are very useful references to show how an author can use many different literary devices to capture the same initial theme when writing, especially since they are two totally different types of literary work i. e. that of song and plays. It should be required reading for any professor teaching the techniques of writing when teaching about literary devices and how they are used.Bibliography Hansberry Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. 1959 Literature. 5th ed. Eds. pack N. N. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, O. 1700-57. Hughes, Langston. Harlem. 1951 Literature. 5th ed. Eds. James H. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, 1027-28. Mullen, Edward J. Critical Essays on Langston Hughes. Boston G. K. Hall, 142. Phillips, Elizabeth C. The Works of Lorraine Ha nsberry. New York Simon & Schuster, 1973. 48-62. Braiman, Jay. Mr. Braimans position Online. http//mrbraiman. hom. att. net/lit. htm.