buy custom Assessment of the Role of Silence in Business Interactions essay

buy custom Assessment of the Role of Silence in Business Interactions essay Silence influences either negatively or positively in the field of communication. It can make or break relationships, create discomforts and tensions, or lead to peace and calm. Silence can denote either yes or no. The apparent silence is not really a void it is a powerful means of communication; you are sending out a message to the other one through your clothes, facial expression changes, and even the way one is sitting this all indicate boredom, interest, animosity, or indifference. Even without making any efforts, the volumes of information pass to and fro through silence. Silence is the opposite of talking. But it is not negative it is not omitting out anything in communication. Silence does not become a barrier to communicating (Panko, R 2009). Silence is a vibrant tool for the communication in business. Business is basically a deal involving money and goods transactions that will ultimately benefit both parties as well as the community. With both parties trying to squeeze out the maximum tempers might easily get frayed. But a good businessman knows that growling is received from nowhere. Here silence is invaluable as it leaves the issue pending and unanswered, and yet a message is conveyed being more powerful than blunt words (Applbaum 2004). Communication may be either verbal or non-verbal. Under the latter, facial expressions, postures, gestures and voice tone are included. These are the important tools in business interactions. A small businessperson can use it for getting across a message or to interpret a message that has been received. Sometimes, however, the non-verbal communication contradicts with the verbal one in a sense that silence is more evocative and truer than the string of words. A study provided by Herta A. Murphy together with Herbert W. Hilderbrandt has noted this in Effective Business Communication. In fact, from 60% to 90% of the gist of content can be conveyed through the silent clues. Hence, the importance of silence in business communication should not be overlooked but given due its importance (Andrad 2004; Mitchell 2004; Stafford 2004). In the non-verbal communication, three elements are present the appearance, the body language, and sounds (not words). As with the oral communication, in the non-verbal interaction the appearance has an impact on the dress code, make up, grooming, hairstyle, etc.; this could play its part in drawing the attention of the listener. The dcor of the room too will have a telling effect on those people listening (Barr 2000). The body language, in particular facial expressions, can convey direct messages that the verbal part of communication will not be able to give. The expressions flitting across the face show up the hidden emotions that could be in contradiction with the spoken words. Gesturing and posturing as well are the important conveyers of messages; they are being more evocative than words. For example, a manager speaking with his feet on the table could indicate confidence and determination, while an employee leaning forward on the table to listen could mean that he or she is interested. However, the continuous use of gestures and postures could be distracting and disturbing while betraying nervousness (Berkovitch 2006; Narayanan 2006). Thirdly, the non-verbalsounds play an important part in interaction: the tone, the rate, and the volume of voice and even laughter clearing of ones throat or humming can be communicative by its nature. The effect of scent and physical contact like the pressure during a handshake can speak volumes silently. The total silence can convey a gap in understanding and even some harsh feelings, while discussing face-to-face (Chamberlain, K 2009). People rarely think that failing to act is a kind of communication. The non-verbal communication, unlike the verbal one, is not organized. Currently, the studies are being carried on the information dispatched through the non-verbal means. Communication means the transferring of information from one person to another one. The majority spends nearly three fourths of their waking time communicating their thoughts, knowledge and view points to others. Many fail to note that the bulk of this transfer is through some non-verbal means and not through writing or talking (Benton 1994). The silent way of communicating is through an eye contact, the voice tone modulation, posturing, etc. It also refers to the clothes one chooses to wear or the silence that is intentionally kept. The non-verbal cues, while interacting, are given more importance than the verbal ones. For instance, a person might wish you to be well but the expression in his eyes does not say so; his clenched fists belie his animosity although words may be honey coated (Chamberlain, K 2009). Silence is often beneficial while interacting in business circles and at workplaces. Attention is drawn invariably to the silent person during his speeches. Silence can control anger; and this is vital in the business world where emotions have to be tempered while handling deals and difficult situations. Silence represents a passive dissent although no direct challenge is thrown (Chamberlain, K 2009). Silence can be used not to greet an unwelcome intruder without being explicit. By being silent the astute businessman can avoid a topic without commitment. Silence can cut a short irrelevant chatter that wastes the time. Silence can indicate that the subject is a taboo. To be a top grade leader of the team, the manager has to successfully interact with other members. Silence is one such methods of communication (Foss, NJ 2005). Distance is a factor. The gap between one person and the other one signifies either attraction or a status depending on the milieu or the cultural background. Orientation is another factor. It means how the one is presented frontal, sideways or sometimes showing a rear portion implying volumes. For instance, cooperators sit side by side while competitors sit facing each other. Posture is another point to note. One may slouch, while the other one may be sitting or standing erect. The crossing of legs and arms akimbo also convey emotions. This communication sends the message of formality or relaxation during the exchange of communications (Mason, M 1999). Physical contact is vital. The shaking of hands, the pat on the shoulders, the embrace, the pushing back all are laced with the inner language. It conveys either an intimate feeling or a sense of rejection. Then, there are the all powerful facial expressions, the smile, the frown, the raised eyebrow, the yawn and the sneer. Duuring the interaction, the facial expressions keep continually changing, and the recipient constantly notes it. Across global cultures, the facial expressions more or less convey the same type of meaning. The movement of hands conveys its meaning as well (Berkovitch 2006; Narayanan 2006). Some of the meanings are specific to certain cultures, while others like the clenched fist have a universal connotation. The importance of eye contact cannot be over emphasized. The eyes are the windows of the soul. They convey interest, indifference, boredom, hatred, or warmth (Andrad 2004; Mitchell 2004; Stafford 2004). Kinesis or body language is one of the best ways to gauge the managerial potential of the executive. It is more important to note what he is doing rather than listening to what he is saying. This is an analysis of movement. If one extends a hand straightly during the interview, or if one leans forward, then the person can be a good operator for any organization that requires the injection of energy to bring about a radical change (Galbraith 2000). While shaking ones hands if one stands up straightly then the person is good at selling whether himself or the company in which he is employed. If, while talking, the person occupies extra space with moving around the arms, then he is both good as an informer and listener. Such an individual will be ideal for an organization that needs a change in the direction it is leading (Panko, R 2009). Many are now learning to rehearse these movements to make an impression but when there is the disharmony between the facial expression and the limb movement the cat gets out of the bag and the trick is exposed. Spacing is an important factor. Those higher up in the ladder will keep a bigger gap and will keep to the improved protection of the territory; they will not have any difficulty in invading the territories of those lower ones in the rung of the ladder (Mason, M 1999). Silence can be communicated through the environment tables, chairs, desks, bookshelves, and the like drawing into its ambit the design of the office. Some cut up the office into impersonal and personal areas. This betters the purpose for which the particular space is utilized. The size of the desk, for instance, indicates the status and the position of any user. The window numbers, the carpet quality and the wall paintings all silently convey a message. Another factor is how long the one is being silent. How much time do you need to allow your staff to speak; how long will you keep them waiting, and do you stick to the time-schedule? In a healthy business atmosphere, there is a balance among all these elements (Foss, NJ 2005). In conclusion, it should be noted that many find silence as oppressive and rush in with uncalled for the words to fill such kind of void. Thus, it is better to say nothing if you have nothing to say rather than rattling like an empty vessel. But it is the silence of Socrates when he said he did not know anything that cost him his life. Thus, we see that silence is not a vacuum but pregnant and poignant with its meaning much more than the empty vessels making a lot of noise. The executives in the corporate sector are now becoming more and more aware of the significance of silence through the non-verbal communication. They are engaging professionals into the field to do the analysis. Buy custom Assessment of the Role of Silence in Business Interactions essay

How Proper Tire Inflation Can Help the Environment

How Proper Tire Inflation Can Help the Environment When tires are not inflated to the pounds per square inch (PSI) rating recommended by manufacturers, they are less â€Å"round† and require more energy to begin moving and to maintain speed. As such, under-inflated tires do indeed contribute to pollution and increase fuel costs. Get Better Mileage An informal study by students at Carnegie Mellon University found that the majority of cars on U.S. roads are operating on tires inflated to only 80 percent of capacity. According to the website, fueleconomy.gov, inflating tires to their proper pressure can improve mileage by about 3.3 percent, whereas leaving them under-inflated can lower mileage by 0.4 percent for every one PSI drop in pressure of all four tires. Fuel Costs and Emissions That may not sound like much, but it means that the average person who drives 12,000 miles yearly on under-inflated tires uses about 144 extra gallons of gas, at a cost of $300-$500 a year. And each time one of those gallons of gas is burned, 20 pounds of carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere as the carbons in the gas are released and combine with the oxygen in the air. As such, any vehicle running on soft tires is contributing as much as 1.5 extra tons (2,880 pounds) of greenhouse gases to the environment annually. Safety Besides saving fuel and money and minimizing emissions, properly inflated tires are safer and less likely to fail at high speeds. Under-inflated tires make for longer stopping distances and will skid longer on wet surfaces. Analysts point to under-inflated tires as a likely cause of many SUV rollover accidents. Properly inflated tires also wear more evenly and will last longer accordingly. Check Pressure Frequently and When Tires Are Cold Mechanics advise drivers to check their tire pressure monthly, if not more frequently. The correct air pressure for tires that come with new vehicles can be found either in the owner’s manual or inside the driver-side door. Beware, though, that replacement tires may carry a different PSI rating than the originals that came with the car. Most new replacement tires display their PSI rating on their sidewalls. Also, tire pressure should be checked when tires are cold, as internal pressure increases when the car has been on the road for a while, but then drops when the tires cool back down. It is best to check tire pressure before heading out on the road to avoid inaccurate readings. Congress Mandates Technology to Warn Drivers As part of the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act of 2000, Congress has mandated that automakers install tire pressure monitoring systems on all new cars, pickups, and SUVs beginning in 2008. To comply with the regulation, automakers are required to attach small sensors to each wheel that will signal if a tire falls 25 percent below its recommended PSI rating. Car makers spend as much as $70 per vehicle to install these sensors, a cost that is passed along to consumers. However, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, some 120 lives a year are saved now that all new vehicles are equipped with such systems. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

The Titanic OR The Love Canal OR BP Deepwater Horizon Spill OR Essay

The Titanic OR The Love Canal OR BP Deepwater Horizon Spill OR Fukushima Reactor Meltdown OR Wikileaks(Julian Assange) - Essay Example This implies that, what is more important to consider for an individual is the fact that she or he as a person is responsible and independently acting, and conscious being (existence) rather than the labels, stereotypes, definitions, roles, and other preconceived categories fitting the individual (essence) (Thomas 23). Basically, what this means is that the actual life of a person is what constitutes his or her true essence instead of other arbitrarily attributable essence used by other people to define her or him. Therefore, going by existentialism, a human being, through his or her own consciousness creates his or her own values which determine a meaning to his or her life. Though existentialism has its strong point, other approaches refute it. Generally, existentialism approach can offer practical and useful solutions to psychological problems, it overemphasizes three different themes namely: meaningless, isolation and death. Proponents of these approach then place (Thomas 42). Ex istentialism alongside the ethics arising out of it can be such an attractive package. The fact that in existentialism one can create his or her actions, shows that this approach can give a person a good moral base line. However, it does not imply that it necessarily does that, as it has an assortment of belief and tenets but fails to involve detailed code of ethics (Warnock 46). Each individual is left to work the issue of ethics himself or herself but within the tenets of existential through system. This gives an individual a lot of latitude to decide what is wrong and right. However, it is worth noting that some individuals may reach a spurious notion of what is right and wrong. This is one of the key weaknesses of this ethics. The second weakness is that existentialism ethics is tied up with other systems (Thomas 43). This way, it can lead those who adhere to it into wrongheaded decisions. Existential principles are entwined with established, detailed, and complex ethical system s (Thomas 25). The third weakness is that existentialism is hard to be interpreted by many people. The result of which is that few people end up using its principles as their ethical guidelines The Love Canal is the Niagara Falls chemical disaster (Brook 3). This town was not arguably known for what it was designed for â€Å"love† but for being the largest chemical disaster in North America. As existentialism will have it, William T. Love had envisioned creating a town near Niagara Falls, which will run off hydroelectricity. His plan was that the hydropower would be supplied to this town by running these canal from the upper Niagara Rivers to the lower part of this river (Brook 5). Mr. Love’s plan was to turn this canal into a shipping route with a model city, which surrounded the canal. However, this did not happen. This is because the â€Å"Panic of 1893† caused the financiers of the project to pull out their money. Mr. Love went broke which meant the end of t hese project (Brook 8). The aftermath of Mr. Love’

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services Essay

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of leadership as the ability of motivating and influencing a team to achieving the set target and goals. It is about creating a vision and converting it to reality. In the business, world leadership is related to performance with effective leadership with effective leaders being those with an ability of adding value to their company. It is a fact that most organizations around the world lose because managers are not adequately skilled and knowledgeable and failing to acknowledge the leadership issues that should form part of their decision-making activities hence the need for this project. Strategic leadership is vital in the organization’s endeavors of accomplishing and sustaining their competitive advantage in this era. Effective leaders are gaining recognition on the important role they play in identifying opportunities and making the right decisions that add value to businesses through effective procedures. In this century, with the rapid change in business, studies and theories are centered on leadership as a whole, the followers and the nature of leadership exhibited in organizations. This has facilitated the need to studying leadership with the focus on managing invariable change which is normally referred to as New Paradigm model. The New Paradigm model focuses on model theories, for instance, charismatic leadership, visionary and transformational leadership. Visionary leadership is described as the act of creating practical and sensible, robust vision for the future of a company.

Mars Attacks! Review Essay Example for Free

Mars Attacks! Review Essay Review of Mars Attacks! Mars Attacks! is Tim Burton’s clever thought at a martian invasion on the United States of America. After their landing, they easily took advantage of the governments trust, understanding, and compassion. Human beings, especially Americans, show just how ignorant and unpredictable they can be. However, their stupidity paves the way to their survival with a little bit of a population remaining. Source Materials: The constant struggle between war and politics makes this movie a classic bumbling mess of emgo fighting over what they consider to be right. The 1950’s science fiction focuses on how these peoples egos were created in a time of growing personalities. Genre: Parody Science Fiction portrays humility at the expense of American’s under the superior mind of the martians. Ultimately giving the upper hand to the human race for a reason that could not even be fathomed by mankind. Star Personas: The film is shown through the eyes of powerful figures from Nevada to Washington D. C. Everyone has an opinion and the best idea with how to deal with the martian invasion. A poor kid from that gets no attention within his society turns out to be the hero of the film. Technology/CGI: Used strongly throughout the entire movie, because anything that had to do with the martians was created by CGI. It was used to give a feel of abstract science fiction and not just a battle for superior intelligence. Plot: Told from a variety of different viewpoints and the advantages and drawbacks that went along with them. Everything comes together in the end to make it a bittersweet happy ending for all of those still left alive.

Independence Of Judiciary In Australia :: essays research papers

Independence of Judiciary in Australia a) How is the independence of the judiciary guaranteed in Australia? While the Westminster system had largely developed because of the doctrine of separation of powers, the Australian system of government is largely based on the Westminster. This doctrine of separation of powers proposes that the three institutions of government, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary should be exercised as separate and independent branches. It is this doctrine that stresses the need for the independence of the judiciary from the other two government institutions in order to protect the freedom of individuals. It is under this doctrine that no person can be a Member of Parliament and a judge at the same time. The doctrine of separation of powers offers several advantages, it proposes separate, specialized and efficient branches of government and it also reduces the abuse of government power by dividing it. a) Why is the independence of the judiciary an important feature of Australia's system of justice? The judiciary is the government branch that is concerned with the administration of justice. The judiciary is absolutely separate from the executive and the legislature, so it can check the concentration of government power. The independence of the judiciary is crucial of a democratic community because when judges are presiding over cases, there must be no interference and intimidation from the external forces. The independence issues touches upon the conflict of authority and freedom. If the doctrine of separation of powers did not exist, the authority would not be prevented from interfering in the administration of justice, therefore the basic freedoms of the citizens would not be guaranteed. It is up to the judiciary to exercise according to the law. It would be without the independence of the judiciary that the principles of rule of law and natural justice would be jeopardy and other institutions of government would interfere in the administration of justice. There are three main elements of the independence of the judiciary they are, permanency of tenure, dismissal by parliament and fixed remuneration. Permanency of tenure means that judges are appointed by the executive government and have a permanent tenure until they have to retire at the age of seventy. It was a constitutional referendum in 1977 that placed this requirement on federal judges. Also state laws have been made, for the state judges to retire at the same age. The only exception is the Family court justices; they have to retire at the age of sixty-five. Judges can only be dismissed on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity and can only be dismissed by parliament representatives.

How Does Shakespeare Present Feelings of Love

How does Shakespeare present strong feelings about love in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘The Merchant of Venice’ In Romeo and Juliet and The Merchant of Venice There are many examples of strong love. The two most prominent examples of strong love are romantic love and unrequited love. In Romeo and Juliet, there appears to be more examples of unrequited love than that of romantic love, despite the main theme of the play being the romantic love between Romeo and Juliet.The unrequited love between Romeo and Rosaline is significant, as it opens the debate of whether or not Romeo’s love for Juliet is sincere. At the beginning of the play, Romeo claims to be in love with Rosaline, saying to Benvolio â€Å"In sadness cousin, I do love a woman,† in Act 1 scene 1. The love he feels for her is a sad and longing love, for she does not feel the same. The likeliness of Romeo’s love being just infatuation is high, as he loses his love for Rosaline quickly a fter merely laying eyes upon Juliet at the Capulet’s ball, â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright! In this quote and the continuation of the speech, he explains how she is a â€Å"rich jewel†, burns brighter than the torches and beauty is not a strong enough word to describe her looks. As he finds his new love in Juliet so quickly, you could argue that it is only infatuation as he sees her at the party for only her looks, as he did with Rosaline earlier on. Another notable example of unrequited love is Paris and Juliet. In act 1 scene 3, Lady Capulet and Nurse are talking to Juliet about Paris’ love for her. They are trying to convince her to want to marry him as she does not have a choice over whether she actually does or not.They continuously say what a great man he is â€Å"He’s a man of wax† (possibly meaning that Paris is so perfect, he could be made of wax) and â€Å"Read o’er the volume of young Paris’ face, and fi nd delight writ there with beauty’s pen. † They imply that Paris does in fact love her from the line â€Å"Speak briefly, can you like of Paris’ love? † In the part of the scene where they are describing Paris to her, Shakespeare uses a lot of reference to books, possibly implying he is a man of intellect, so he is not just looks.In the time that Romeo and Juliet was set, books would’ve been owned only by the rich and educated, a lot of books were also handwritten with beautiful handwriting, so with use of metaphors of books, Lady Capulet and Nurse were comparing him to something of privilege, wealth, and beauty. Despite their efforts, Juliet does not warm up to the idea of marriage as she does not know Paris, saying â€Å"It is an honour that I dream not of,† and â€Å"I’ll look to like, if looking liking move. But no more deep will I endart mine eye than your consent gives strength to make it fly. The romantic love between Romeo and Juliet is considered to be true love. It appears to be love at first sight when they see each other at Capulet’s ball, and after their first kiss, they find out they are each from the feuding families. They are shocked and devastated when they find that out as they realise they cannot be together, showing deep feelings and devotion from the start. Throughout the play, they find ways to see each other and get married. Juliet seems to truly love Juliet, as she still trusts him even after he has killed her cousin, Tybalt.Also, at the beginning of the play, Juliet appears shy and reluctant to speaking much, but when she meets Romeo, she speaks as much to him as he is to her and in the same style. She has very complex thoughts about him, showing her love is sincere and well thought out. And when she finds out he is a Montague, he thoughts are for his safety. She trusts Romeo a great deal, as she asks only for his word of love, needing no proof. This differs particularly from the romantic love between Portia and Bassanio because not only does she give him the ring as proof of her love, she feels she has to test his loyalty with it.But Juliet does not doubt Romeo. In order for the two of them to get together, she very bravely, goes through with Friar Lawrence’s plan, meaning she disobeys her parent’s wishes. When she awakes from her sleep, she finds Romeo dead beside her. She kills herself as she cannot imagine living her life without Romeo, which is the same reason Romeo killed himself. They loved each other so strongly they were willing to give their lives for each other. Throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet show devotion, loyalty, and love.In The Merchant of Venice, there are more examples of romantic love than that of unrequited love, although it is arguable that not all examples of romantic love are genuine. The first example of romantic love is that of Jessica and Lorenzo. In the play, Jessica is Jewish and Lorenzo is a Christian, meaning that there love is forbidden. Jessica gives up her faith and becomes a Christian so her and Lorenzo could be together. The love of these 2 is much like the love between Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet both give up their lives as they could not be together, and Jessica betrays er father by becoming a Christian, much like Juliet betrays he parents by marrying Romeo. Both of these are examples of forbidden love. The romantic love between Portia and Bassanio is one that can be debated. When Bassanio first talks of marrying Portia he says â€Å"In Belmont is a lady richly left/and she is fair. † From this quote you could presume he is only interested in Portia for her money, as he is in great need of it at that moment. But when he has to pick between caskets he says that he is â€Å"tortured not knowing if he can marry her or not†, but he could just be putting on an act.He leaves Portia almost immediately to return to Venice and help Antonio, he says he will not sleep u ntil he sees her again, which, again, could be an act, though he appears to act more sincere at this point. Before he leaves, Portia gives him a ring as a token of her love. Later on, he is very reluctant to giving the ring up to Balthazar when he asks for it as payment at first, but when Antonio tells him to he gives it up immediately. At the end of the play, he apologizes and says he’ll spend the rest of his life devoted to Portia. Portia’s love to Bassanio appears to differ greatly from that of Bassanio to Portia.When Bassanio chooses the right casket, she is delighted, and is very worried that she would not live up to his expectations. â€Å"I might in virtues, beauties, livings/ exceed account† When first speaking to him, she also seems to give herself to him. â€Å"Myself and what is mine, to you and yours/ is now converted. † She does not seem to be as independent as before. She could’ve been suspicious of the legitimacy of Bassanio’s love from the start, she could’ve already been planning to test him before she gave him the ring. She also offers to pay Antonios debt twice over, just because he is a friend of Bassanios.An example of unrequited love is Antonio’s strong feelings towards Bassanio. Antonio is very happy to lend Bassanio money even though he is already in Antonios debt and Antonio would have to borrow money from somewhere else to do so. When Solario describes their friendship, he says â€Å"I think he only loves the world for him† â€Å"Him† being Bassanio. When Antonio believes he is going to die, he tells Bassanio â€Å"say how I loved you† and seems glad that he is paying for Bassanio’s debt with his life, instead of Bassanio having to do so himself. The last example of unrequited love is the love between Nerissa and Gratanio.When Gratanio marries Nerissa, the marriage also depended on whether or not Bassanio chose the correct casket, so his love may not b e sincere, and more forced. For if the incorrect casket had been chosen, would he still have loved her so dearly? Would he have even still loved her at all? In conclusion, Shakespeare puts many aspects of strong feelings in the form of love into these two plays, and presents each of them in a unique and individual way, leaving much room for interpretation. He uses expressive language, many great examples of tone and exchange of speech to emphasize these facts.

Dream Analysis Essay

Dreams had always been a part of human existence. Since time immemorial, human beings had always been mystified on the phenomenon of dreaming. As early as 5000 B. C. , early civilizations had recorded and tried to interpret their dreams on clay tablets. The Egyptians, puzzled by the existence of dreams, had even believed in a God of Dreams whom they called Serapis. Up to the present age, theorists and psychologists are still unable to arrive at a definite explanation on why humans dream. Dreams are etched in the human mind in such a way that makes it hard for researchers to objectively study them. At present, there are three major theories that are widely accepted that explain such phenomenon: (1) Freud’s Theory (2) Cognitive Theory and the (3) Activation-Synthesis Theory. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that a dream exists as a wish fulfillment. According to him, people have unsatisfied or unexpressed desires during the times when they are awake and these desires are being fulfilled unconsciously when people dream through sleeping. For example, a person having unfulfilled sexual desires one or two days prior to sleeping may have dreams that are sexually erotic in nature (may lead to ‘wet dreaming’). Similarly, people who had been forced to suppress their anger during waking hours may have dreams that contain violent elements/scenes (Santrock, 2005, p. 244). This theory of Freud is particularly applicable to a personal experience. Once I broke our printer by accident. I was trying to find a way to fix it but the only solution I could think of is having it repaired by a technician. The main dilemma was that I didn’t have the money to have it fixed. It was very fortunate that no one else used the printer that day. When I slept in the evening, I dreamt that a certain old man came to fix our printer free-of-charge. The dream ended there. It can be seen from this experience that a problem during the day was given a temporary solution through dreaming. Although the printer wasn’t really fixed at all, the dream was sufficient in providing a quick way out of my anxiety caused by the broken printer. Another example was the time when I was craving for some McDonald’s Fries for no particular reason. I haven’t been able to go to the said Fast-Food Shop because my mother borrowed my car. I just slept through my craving for McFries and I ended up dreaming about it, only that in my dream, the fries are much larger than the actual size. According to Freud, our dreams may contain scenes or events from our experiences of the past day or of the day before. One particular dream to illustrate this is my dream that I was able to fly. In the dream, I had my arms stretched over my head and I was flying over our village, very much like Superman. I could connect this dream to my behavior when I went swimming with my friends the day before. During my stay underwater, I had been imitating the flying position of Superman imagining that I was floating in mid-air instead of mid-water. An additional example for this theory of Freud is my dream on the Red Queen. I had watched on home video the movie Alice in Wonderland by Tim Burton. I was so irritated with the Red Queen’s face while I was watching the movie that I dreamt of the character when I slept in the evening. In the dream, I was having a dispute with the Red Queen where in the end I won our fight and I was able to command certain Knights, â€Å"Off with her head! † Perhaps connected to this principle of Freud was my experience when I had a fever. I wasn’t feeling well when I slept and I was feeling a bit scared to sleep in solitude. In the middle of my sleep, I dreamt that I was transformed into a cat and that my friends could not recognize me. I was trying my best to scream my name to them but all that I could manage to say were small meows. The next stage of my dream was that I had a small hole in my skull. The small hole led to the deformation of my skull because it secreted foul-smelling cerebral fluid through it. I woke up in the middle of night sweating and breathing heavily. Even though events from days before may appear in a dream, it does not necessarily mean that the scenes in the dream happen in chronology. More often than not, a dream is a homogenous mixture of different time-frames where the sense of chronology is absent. Tied with this principle is that places where dream scenes may happen need not be logical or real. I had dreams before of having to wake up in my bedroom as the sun was just rising and stepping out of my room, I find myself at the school cafeteria way past dusk. I also had a dream wherein I was standing in front of my friend’s house. That friend of mine had offended me during one of our night-out with the rest of our peers. In my dream, I was back to the scene wherein we were having an intense argument. Then, one second of whirling brought me in front of that friend’s house, waiting for him to come out and ask for forgiveness. He didn’t come out of the house though and I was brought to a garden where I found him sitting on a bench. At the end of the dream, I was the one who asked for his forgiveness. The following morning, before I left for school, he gave me a phone call telling me that he was sorry. According to Freud, there are two components of a dream, a surface element which he called the manifest content and a hidden meaning of the surface element which he called the latent content. For example, Freud states that snakes and neckties present in the dream may mean something else. The snake or necktie is the manifest content while its latent content is a male genitalia. This means the snake or necktie symbolizes a male genitalia. This idea of Freud made me remember a dream I had just this weekend. In the dream, I had been boating with a tour guide on the Amazon River. I was so terrified to see a giant snake swimming just under our boat. The faceless tour guide just told me that the snake couldn’t see us because we were in the snake’s blind spot. I never knew what happened with me on that river, only that in the dream I was transported somewhere else I couldn’t remember. Could my dream mean that I am fantasizing about whatever the snake symbolizes? It’s hard to believe though! The second theory of dreaming is the Cognitive Theory. It states that dreaming involves the same cognitive steps used in the waking mind: processing, memory and problem solving (Santrock, 2005, p. 245). In this theory, hidden meanings of dreams through symbols are not regarded as possible. Dreaming is looked upon as an opportunity for the person to find a state of mind where problems can be solved through creative thinking. Robert Louis Stevenson, for example, said that it was in a dream that he acquired the idea for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Elias Howe claimed also that a dream provided him the idea of creating a sewing needle with the hole for the thread on the blunt tip of the needle and not on the middle. (Santrock, 2005, p. 245). Friedrich Kekule, the proponent of the structure of the benzene, said that the cyclic structure of benzene was seen in a dream wherein he saw a snake trying to bite its own tail as it moves in a circular manner. I could apply this theory in one of my experiences. I was trying to come up with a story on how humans need to face trials as means of being emotionally stronger. The story needed to be as creative as possible because I was going to present it to a youth group in our church. Out of fatigue due to too much thinking, I decided to take a nap on my desk. I dreamt then of a young butterfly inside a cocoon. When I woke up, I was reminded of a story I heard long ago from a Franciscan nun wherein a young man tried to help the young butterfly get out of the cocoon by opening the cocoon himself with the use of a pair of scissors. The butterfly went out of the cocoon weakly with scrawny wings and was unable to fly. The struggle of the butterfly to get out of the cocoon by itself helps it to develop stronger wings that would soon enable it to fly. If I hadn’t dreamt of the young butterfly in the cocoon, I wouldn’t have remembered this story! The third theory is the Activation-Synthesis Theory. It states that dreams are part of the brain’s internal effort to explain the neural activity that still exists even though the person is sleeping (Santrock, 2005, p. 245). Neural networks in areas of the forebrain are involved in both the waking and dreaming behaviors. Primary motor and sensory areas of the forebrain may possibly be activated during the sensorimotor aspects of dreaming. (Santrock, 2005, p. 246). For example, if the dream asks for spatial organization, the parietal lobe would be activated. Similarly, if the dream asks for emotional requirements, the amygdala, hippocampus and frontal lobe may be activated. The movement of dreams in a ‘fantasy-whirling’ manner may be due to the sudden, uncoordinated eye movements of REM sleep. The sudden shift or dissolvation of a particular dream scene is explained as due to the normal cycling of neural activation. During stages of sleep, levels of neurotransmitters may rise and fall wherein particular neural networks are activated and shut down. As a new cycle is activated, that is, new sets of neural networks are activated and shut down, a new dream scene comes to the focus. Dreaming, therefore, becomes a succession of fantasy-transitioned slide shows. In connection to this theory, I once had a dream that involved a real experience while I was sleeping. I managed to open my eyes as I was disturbed in the middle of a sleep. I then saw my mother in my room, fixing the mess I left on my study desk. Subconsciously, I knew that I saw my mother inside my room, but then, as if my brain wanted to explain or make a story out of what I saw, the exact scene came to my dream. In the dream, I stood up and helped my mom fix the mess on my desk, but then my mom turned into a classmate of mine and we were back in the classroom listening intently to our teacher. I woke up in the middle of the night, convinced that I really didn’t stand up to help my mom fix my mess. These three theories explain to us why people dream. Freud’s Theory, The Cognitive Theory and the Activation-Synthesis Theory may view the phenomenon of dreaming in three different perspectives. In the present stage of human knowledge when it comes to explaining the human psyche, it could be said that an absolute explanation for dreaming is nonexistent. However, the three theories may work hand-in-hand in explaining and interpreting human dreaming. Reference Santrock, J. W. Psychology 7. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. , 1221 Avenue of the Americas. Mew York, NY 10020. 244-246

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