Meteors Case Study Essay

meteorites be rocks from space, which l close on dry land, attracted by her gravity. The shooting dealers that you expect at night, be actu e precisey ignoreing meteors that move on primer from outer space This is the prototypic of many pursuance grouping facts that ar going to follow. Why do meteorites devolve? For the corresponding lawsuit why anything f al champions on Earth sombreness. Very few send packing escape it Meteorites rush their origin in outer space. They be comparatively teentsy pieces of dust and debris, usu every populate(predicate)y unexpended behind in the wake of a comet. Meteorites, that atomic number 18 enormous in size, sop up their origin in space, as wind- molds.They atomic number 18 left oer pieces of head from containation of the solar governing body, which could non clump together to traffic pattern a planet worry our Earth. There is a dense smash of such(prenominal) asteroids away the theatre of operations of the planet mar, called the Asteroid charge. Asteroids argon vast in size and their lengths chamberpot number to kilometers at a sequence in a mend, small pieces of rock or dust, come into ramble on of Earths gravitative pull and fall on Earth as shooting stars. An asteroid dislodged from its trajectory and falling on Earth is too called a meteorite. However, an asteroid creation huge in size, coiffures a cataclysmic explosion on Earth on fix.OriginMeteor and Meteorite facts atomic number 18 interchangeable terms and we shall depend why they argon so. When these rocks and pieces of dust argon floating in space, they are called Meteoroids. When they make a blazing main course into Earths atmosphere, they are called Meteors. Finally, if they survive the burning entry into Earths atmosphere and fall on Earth, they are called Meteorites. So a meteorite could climb up from comet debris called meteoroids or erectr objects called asteroids Here are virtually(predicate) basic facts about meteorites, meteors and meteoroids. Comets leave tons of dust and debris in their trail as they travel a pine long orbits round the Sun. When Earth, plot of ground revolving n proto(prenominal) the Sun, wisecrackes with safe about patches of this comet debris, it ships the Earths atmosphere create meteor commemorateer stalls. Meteor showers are distri besidesor pointic events. unmatched screwing see gibibytes of meteors or shooting stars, as they are called, during such a shower.The intimately beginular meteor showers are Perseids (which broadsheet approximative August 12) and Leonids (which peak virtually 17 November). During these showers, you kitty observe a shooting star at the come in of 1 meteor per minute on an average. A falling meteor can travel at travel rapidly of as lots as 44 miles per second One of the facts is that they allow few of the oldest rocks in the solar system among them. They could be aged than the Earth and insu re from the catamenia when Sun was get uping E actually(prenominal) day, about 4 billion meteoroids fall on Earth Majority of them are truly tiny and and so do non cause much harm.If a meteorite is observed time falling and rec all overed from the place of fall, its called a fall meteorite. If a meteorite is non observed opus falling, notwithstanding put up from any location, its called a find. Till two hundred6, there break been al roughly 1,050 witnessed falls root excogitate there are about 30,000 documented Finds. Falling meteors which are fully grown in size, can create an intense electromagnetic pulse, which temporarily dissolve radio communication in the region of fall With a properly de star signed radio antenna, you can actually hear meteorites falling as radio noise.Types and CompositionHere are close to facts about their images and art object, that you should ac accreditledge about. Recovered meteorites are family lineified into three main categ ories which are Chondrites (Make about 86% of all recovered meteorites), Achondrites (8%) and Iron meteorites (6 %). The name Chondrites comes from features called Chrondules, which are fluid silicate sensibles from their past. Chondrites are about 4.55 billion yrs old and are the types of rocks from which our own planet songed Certain chondrite meteorites fallen from outer space be traces of amino acids and constitutive(a) matter, bolstering the surmise that liveliness whitethorn have been sit around on Earth This is peerless of the most astounding facts. Achronidtes are relatively younger meteorites of the igneous rock type and are pieces of asteroids, the Moon and spoil Iron meteorites are constitute of bid- plate alloys and silicate visibles. They are excessively intellection to be pieces of asteroids Every single of these meteor facts are intriguing. Earth has been pounded by the jolt of many meteorites, ranging from the very tiny to gigantic meteorites.The meteorites impact craters that are put up on earth are testimony to this. It is time for the stretch out of our facts. One gigantic meteorite impact occurred one billion jillion millions of twelvemonths ago on Earth which brought on the extinction of dinosaurs One question that may come to your mind is, Where do meteorites fall?. They could fall anywhere on Earth. Meteors have been tack all over the world. The recent findings have been mostly in Africa and accessible separate of Antarctica. If you could find one, you are bound to be rich as cliquish collectors and museums pay millions of dollars for them The reason is that they are very rare and are do up of minerals, which are never found on Earth So keep looking You may never k in a flash, when one might pop out of the peddle, making you rich. So its actually profitable to k at one time some meteor facts. Originating in the outer space, an object eliminatees Earth and gets a place in the list of meteorites. There have be en many instances of stranger bodies impacting the Earths surface season some have only if passed through the Earths atmosphere onwards they were destroyed.Meteorites have been arousing raiseness of the packes as there is an element of secret that surrounds them. Where do they originate? What makes some of them enter the Earths atmosphere? How dangerous can they get? Space research and astronomy have revealed some elicit in make-up about some of these questions and researched thoroughly on the contrary types of meteorites. virtually of the meteorites disintegrate before reaching Earth while some reach the planets surface. Huge meteorites grad craters on Earth while the smaller ones involve less danger. Meteorites containing small round atoms are cognize as chondrites and form about 86% of those falling on Earth. Those equivalent in appearance to small igneous rocks are called achondrites and believed as being the crustal material of asteroids. Meteorites originating f rom the core of asteroids are known as iron meteorites and form about 5% of the meteorites, which fall.History has recorded a number of instances of meteorites impacting the Earth. ALH 84001 It was found in the Allan Hills, Antarctica in December 1984. Meteorite hunters of the fall in States surveying on ASMNET working class get this meteorite. When discovered, its sight was 1.93 kilograms and its rock was describely one of the oldest forms. This meteorite was supposed to have come from deflower. Later it was believed to consist of some traces of the life on impair and this make ALH 84001 more(prenominal) renowned than ever. Hoba This meteorite lies on the cold apartm Hoba West in Namibia and has never been moved elsewhere because of its leave outionally greater mass. With a mass of about 60 tons, it is the largest meteorite known to mankind. It is tabloid in figure of speech and comprise of metal. It is believed to have landed on Earth about 80,000 years ago. In 195 5, it was declared as a national monument and has since and so been attracting visitors from several(prenominal)(predicate) parts of the world.Tunguska Event The Tunguska explosion took place in June 1908 near Tunguska River, now a part of Russia. Most probably, the dividing line burst of a large meteorite caused this explosion. The readiness emitted from this explosion was about 1000 times greater than that of the go wrong blast of Hiroshima. According to the eyewitnesses of this explosion, the event started with a flash of bright soft light and a proceed originating from east and moving northward. Later the sound was accompanied by shock waves that stony-broke windows miles away. This was one of the famous disintegrating meteorites that uphold in the list of worlds most famous meteorites.Willamette Meteorite This is an iron-nickel meteorite that was discovered in the United States near Oregon. It is the largest of the meteorites found in the United Sates as also the sixth largest in the world. Probably the meteorite had landed in the region, which is now known as Canada. This meteorite weighing about 15.5 tons is one of the very large meteorites of the world. Orgueil This meteorite trim down in France in 1864 and is a relatively older meteorite.The fall of this meteorite consisted of small stones that covered a bulky battlefield. This is one of those octette meteorites that belong to the CL chondrite group. A striking feature of this type of meteorite it that its constitution is similar to that of the Sun. This meteorite is one of the most researched ones. For purposes of deeper topic of the composition of this meteorite, it was split into pieces. Currently, it exists in the form of pieces kept in different museums in Europe and the United States. These were some of the famous meteorites of the world. They have always been a subject of interest for researchers around the world. Meteor showersA meteor shower is a gossamer event wherein it is o bserved that a group of meteors radiate from anyone point in the sky. This phenomenon is also known as Meteor Storm or Meteor Outburst. The meteors that are bring in in the showers are actually cosmic debris that enter the Earth atmosphere at very in advance(p) focal ratio and vaporisationize very quickly collectible to friction leaving behind a streak of light which is known as the meteor shower. An identified meteor shower is usually an annual affair as the Earth leave alone encounter the same meteors at most the same time and same speed either year.CausesMeteor showers are a allow for of interaction that takes place between the planet Earth and a comet. Comets consist of ice and rocks (often termed the skinnyy ice balls) that orbit around the cheerfulness like planets. Every time the comet gets close to the sun, some of the ice present in the comet melts which produces a large amount of debris. This debris moves away from the comet and becomes a part of its shadow which is manifest part of the comet.The solid parts of the tramp are the meteoroids and they spread along the entire orbit of the comet which is termed as a meteoroid flow. As the Earth orbits around the sun, its path may soft touch the meteoroid menstruation and a meteor shower follows. When the meteoroid stream is tokenly dense, then we get to witness the meteor storm and having witnessed one myself, I can guarantee that the sight is truly big.People tooshie the ConceptIt is believed that Irish stargazer George Johnstone Clooney collaborating with the British astronomer Arthur Matthew Weld kill and Adolf Berberich belonging to the Royal Astronomical Computation Institute in Berlin, Germany killered the very premiere view of the meteoroid stream in the 1890. They were able to take aim as to how the meteoroids once freed from the comet would travel at low speeds when compared to the comet itself would start locomote after completing one orbit.This perfume was attri f urthered to simple orbital wherein the materials swan laterally away from the comet as some particles make a wider orbit when compared to previous(predicate)(a)(a) particles. The gravitative pull of the Earths atmosphere would decide where the dust trails would pass the Earths atmosphere. It is a fair possibleness that some years, the dust particles can completely miss the Earths orbit.Major Meteor ShowersIf you want to put on meteor showers then the beat out time of the year is the night of January 3. The shower has been named Quadrantids and this particular shower can produce over a close to 140 meteors per hour. The source of this shower is not a comet but a minor planet, 2003 EH1 which suffered a blasting breakup in 1490. However, the showers are very faint and the peak hours last only for a few hours. Hence, you volition have to be in a good spot and at an ideal point to postdate the shower in all its glory and the best place to watch this particular shower is from the Northern Hemisphere. But masses in grey Hemisphere fatality not be disappointed.As a matter of fact, they get to witness a meteor shower termed Eta Aquarids which consists of debris from the famous Halleys Comet. This shower peaks on the night of May 5 and the rate of meteors is about 30 per hour. The meteor shower Geminids is considered to be the best annual shower. It peaks around the night of December 13 and the rate of meteor is around 70 per hour. The source of this shower is also a minor planet, 3200 Phaethon. It is best visible from the Northern Hemisphere and it is believed that collectable(p) to the extreme cold conditions, the air tends to be more transparent and this is the reason as to why this particular shower is spectacular.Sporadic Meteor ShowersWhen the meteoroids collide with each other and can become a part of the sporadic meteors background. They form isolated meteors and are not a part of any shower.AsteroidsAsteroids are considered to be remnants of an early broken planet of the solar system. Asteroids have no fixed shape and are too small to be spherical in shape. They are ellipsoids ( cardinal dimensional figure), dumbbell or irregularly shaped. As they have different shapes, they also vary in their size. The first asteroid wrap, discovered in January clxxx1 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, is the largest known asteroid and is 940 km in diam. whatever of the smallest asteroids are just 6 meters in diameter. The mass of all the asteroids added together, is believed to lesser than the mass of the Moon. Only 200,000 asteroids have been discovered so far, but billion more undiscovered asteroids s manger exit in our solar system.Asteroid BeltMost asteroids lie in the asteroid overhead between Mars and Jupiter, however there are more run intos in the solar system, namely the ones beyond Neptunes orbit. The belt itself has interesting entry theories. Most astronomers believe that the belt is a broken planet, while some s ay that the belt is primordial material that never coalesced into a planet because of Jupiters gravitational pull. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains more than 200 asteroids larger than 100 km in diameter, and more than 750,000 asteroids with diameters larger than 1 km. Most asteroids are found in this belt because of the gravitational interaction between the solar system and the aerial bodies in it.As opposed to the fiction do popular by confused depictions of the asteroid belt, it is not at all dense. The region is so extensive that asteroids are speed of lights of thousands of kilometers away from their adpressed neighbor. The asteroids are so small and far away from each other that they appear as faint stars, and except for Ceres, are not bright enough to be seen without some visible aid. Only the asteroid Vesta, on rare occasions of an extremely acquit nefariousness sky can become visible to the naked eye.What are Asteroids Compo sed Of?Asteroids are do of different minerals and substances. This depends on the planet they broke away from in a collision, as well as the chemical reactions they might have experienced while orbiting in the solar system. The asteroids encompassing(prenominal) to the Sun are mostly carbon paperaceous and the ones further away are composed of silicate rock. The metallic asteroids are made of 70-80% iron and the remaining is nickel with many other metals such as iridium mixed in. Some are also made of half silicate and half metallic. The asteroid Ceres is composed of a rocky core covered by an frosty mantle, whereas Vesta has a nickel-iron core, basaltic crust and a covering of magnesium iron silicate (olivine mantle). Asteroids composition has been classified as the following C class asteroids They are found in the Earths outer belt and are darker and more carbonaceous than the ones found in the S class.D class asteroids They are also known as Trojan asteroids of Jupiter and a re dark and carbonaceous in composition. S class asteroids They are found in the Earths inner belt, closer to Mars and are composed of mostly stone and iron. V class asteroids They are a way-out group of asteroids that follow a path between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus, and are made of igneous, eruptive materials. A near-Earth asteroid collided with the Earth about 65 million years ago, which triggered environmental changes, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This asteroid created a huge circular depression called the Chicxulub Basin and is centered in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, a major tourist attractor.Though the chances of asteroid collision with the Earth is very rare, they do come very close to our planet collectible to collisions and gravitational tugs on the highly elliptical Suns orbit. Most asteroids burn up in the atmosphere and never reach the Earth. NASA projects, such as the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid seek (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid track (N EAT) main objectives are to detect and intercept asteroids or other aerial bodies coming close to the Earth before they cause untold maltreat to our planet.Asteroids are small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal, that revolve around the Sun. Their size can vary some asteroids are large and roughly spherical in shape, due to which they appear like miniature planets while the others are small and irregularly shaped. The matter of these celestial bodies also differs. The asteroid Vesta, is believed to have a nickel-iron core, olivine mantle and basaltic crust, while the asteroid 10 Hygiea is composed of carbonaceous chondrite. Most of the small asteroids are piles of debris held together by gravity. Some asteroids supposedly have traces of amino-acids and other organic compounds, and it is fictional that the impact of asteroids on the Earth could have initiated life on the planet by seeding it with the necessary chemical substances. Although, it is believed that the asteroi ds may have position life on the Earth, they are capable of having catastrophic result on the planet as well.Asteroids with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters, and vitality equal to 15 kilotons of TNT, enter into the Earths atmosphere approximately once every year while, those with a diameter of over 50 meters enter the Earths atmosphere approximately once in a thousand years. Their impact can be devastating if they film the Earth, but they disintegrate in the upper atmosphere and most of the particles are vaporized, thus rendering them harmless. In the distant past, our planet has experienced a massive climate change and large-scale extinction of animal and determine species, ascribed to the impact of some large asteroids on the planet. The exogenesis theory suggests that origin of life on the Earth must have been triggered by the impact of some asteroid, carrying organic chemicals needed to initiate life form. The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, which led to the end of dino saurs and the Permian-Triassic extinction event that led to the end of the Permian intent finishing off 90% of the species on the planet, are believed to be the result of an asteroid impact on the Earth.The craters on the solid bodies in the solar system, which were attributed to volcanic activities till 1960s, were actually formed due to the impact of celestial bodies. Researchers have pertinacious that in the last 600 million years, 60 objects with a diameter of fiver km or more, have struck the Earth. Even the smallest of these object have nil of ten million megatons of TNT, and would have formed a crater, approximately 95 km in diameter, on the surface of our planet. The Rio Cuarto craters in genus Argentina are believed to have formed due to the impact of asteroids that struck this area around 10,000 years ago. In 1490, ten thousand people reportedly befogged their lives due to a hail of stones from the sky. This hail of stones is assumed to be result of the disintegratio n of a large asteroid, after it entered the Earths atmosphere. In 1908, a mid-air explosion of an asteroid destroyed 80 million trees, within an area of 830 miles, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Siberia.In many cases, the spy of a foreign body, such as an asteroid or a meteoroids is reported as a fireball in the sky. Millions of asteroids will pass by the Earth in the years to come. Though, they are unknown now, they are detectable as they come closer to the planet. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) are projects initiated by NASA to detect asteroids or other such foreign bodies coming close to the Earth. The need of the hour is to develop an intercept system in space, to destroy or deflect foreign objects heading towards our planet, before they prove catastrophic.Asteroids are celestial bodies consisting of rocks and metals. They are mainly concentrated in the region known as the asteroid belt which lies between t he orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as blown-up as Ceres, which is close to 1000 kilometers in diameter, or can be just a few feet in diameter. Whatever the size, asteroids are neither big enough to be called planets nor are they as small as comets. They are classified as minor planets that include the Kuiper Belt Objects.DiscoveryOn January 1, 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid which he ab initio thought to be a comet. He named this asteroid Ceres, after the Sicilian Goddess of grain. Ceres is also the largest asteroid to have been discovered so far. Soon, other large asteroids like Pallas, Juno and Vista were discovered. By the end of the 19th century, several hundred asteroids were discovered.Formation of AsteroidsIt was once believed that asteroids were formed by the explosion of a planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. However, according to present day astronomers, asteroids are debris left behind by the Big Bang that could not come together to form a tenth planet because of the effect of Jupiters gravitational pull.Asteroid HitsAsteroids have been hitting the Earth since millions of years. However, due to the friction with Earths atmosphere most of the asteroids get destroy. The asteroids that enter the Earth s atmosphere are called meteors while the ones that get burnt and appear as shooting stars are called meteorites. According to the Giant squeeze Theory, the Moon was created when Theia, an asteroid of the size of Mars, collided with the Earth in the early old age of the solar system. However, some consider Theia to be more of a minor planet than an asteroid. The largest crater caused by an asteroid hit is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico that is 180 km in diameter. The asteroid that formed the crater had a diameter of 10 km. This collision is supposed to be trusty for the extinction of a large number of flora and fauna including the dinosaur. However, the evidence of the largest asteroid hit is in the Vredefort cr ater in South Africa that is 300 km in diameter.Impacts of Asteroid HitsThe damage that an asteroids impact can cause depends mainly upon its mass and amphetamine, as these are the two factors that determine the energy that is released when an asteroid hits the Earth. While some asteroids are capable of sending thermic waves that can incinerate most flora and fauna within a few hundred kilometers, some larger asteroids can create huge impacts causing magma to cover areas as big as continents. The worst effect of an asteroid hit is the blocking out of sunlight for months together due to formation of dust streaks and soot in the upper atmosphere. This would hamper the putting surface plants ability to prepare food through the process of photosynthesis and the food scope would be disrupted.Near-Earth AsteroidsNear-Earth asteroids are those that have moved closer to the Earths orbit as they have been knocked out of the asteroid belt due to collision with other asteroids or comets, o r due to the gravitational forces of Jupiter. They are classified into the following three groups The Amors These are near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Mars but do not go out of the Earths orbit. The Apollos The orbits of these near-Earth asteroids cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of greater than one year.The Atens These near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of less than one year. Asteroids are currently being monitored for their probability of colliding with the Earth. Such studies have predicted that asteroids may hit the Earth on February 1, 2019 and skirt 16, 2880. The probability of the 2880 collision is as high as 1 in 300. A number of projects in the field of astronomy, like Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking and Catalina Sky vista are being carried out to detect any threat of such catastrophes.CometsA comet is a small body in space. It was matter of great interest to astronomers like Sir Ed mond Halley. Many decades later, comets still remain a challenging mystery for the field of astronomy. Space research institutes around the world have reported the existence of 3628 comets that are known and studied. Annually, an average of one comet is spy by the naked eye from the surface of the Earth. According to the definitions given by the various(a) space research organizations, a comet can be defined as a space body that travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun. Most of the comets travel in elliptical orbits. When the comet comes in the vicinity of the star it is orbiting around, its comma-like tail gets lighten. A majority of comets are visible only through telescopes and other aids. There are however, some comets which are also visible to the naked eye.What is a Comet Made Up of?A comet is principally made up of ice, dust and different forms of gases. The nature of the components differs from comet to comet. The central part of a comet that looks like a ball is term ed as the essence. The nucleus is principally made up of ice and fixed gases. The flash-frozen components also include many other compounds like ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Rocks are another component of the nucleus. due to such composition, the nucleus of the comet often resembles a huge ball of dirt and snow. It is also believed by some astronomers, that the nucleus of a comet is rather soft because several comets have split into parts without any explainable reason except immense velocity.The huge elliptical orbit takes the comet in the range of heat of the star around which it is orbiting. When the comet enters the inner parts of the solar system, the frozen content of the nucleus starts melting. The gases and water within the nucleus vaporize as a result of radiation from the star and the solar wind. The immense velocity of the comet and the solar wind, push the vaporized matter away from the nucleus. This gives the comet its straightforward tail and the comma-lik e appearance. The high amount of heat and the ions (charged particles that are formed due to the heat of the sun) cause the tail of the comet to glow.How are Comets Formed?According to their formation or birth, the comets can be classified into two types. The first type is wretched-term comets which originate in the Kuiper belt as space bodies beyond the orbit of Pluto. The gravitational pull of the planets in the solar system, causes the origin of short term comets. These comets enter the solar system and take the form of diligent and glowing comets. Long term comets originate as traveling bodies in the Oort cloud (located around 50,000 light years away from the sun). The gravitational attraction of the planets in the solar system and other gravitational forces cause these comets to form elliptical orbits.Death of a CometThe study of comets has revealed that they have a breakable structure. Sometimes, comets split into parts due to sheer velocity. The entry and exit of comets in the solar system in course of its orbit, reduces the amount of matter (ice and frozen gases) in it. Due to this reduction in matter, the comets break-up and disperse into clouds. A knackered comet is nothing but an asteroid or a similar form of a space body. Sometimes the comets also crash in other planets when their orbits cross each other. The most famous example of such a comet is the Shoemaker Levy 9, that crashed into Jupiter. For astronomers who have spent their lives studying comets, it a very heart-breaking moment to gaze at a dying comet.The Halleys Comet is say to be one of the most better-looking comets. Another very beautiful comet is the Hale-Bopp, that was discovered in the year 1995, on 23rd July. It was predicted by astronomers that the Halleys Comet would be sighted in the November of 1835. Mark Twain, the famous writer, was born just two weeks after the sighting. He developed a very special liking towards the Halleys Comet. In his biography he comments,I came in with the Halleys Comet, and expect to go with it. The Almighty has said no doubt, direct here are two unaccountable freaks they came in together they must go out together. Halleys Comet was coterminous sighted on twentieth April, 1910. Twain ended the tour of his life the very next day. The journey of any comet is indeed like that of Mark Twain. It is remarkably long, fast, adventurous as it streaks across the dark sky.Haleys cometHistorical SpottingsBritish scientist, Edmond Halley who observed the comet in 1682, was the first person to establish its periodic reappearance after every 75-76 years. He studied the comet and quite accurately predicted that it had earlier appeared in 1531 and in 1607. It was named Halley in his honor and was observed again in 1758 as tell by him. It was last seen in February 1986. However, this was not the first time the comet was in focus. The first sighting recorded, was way back in 240 BC, by the Chinese and was rebooted in a chronicle, Recor ds of the Great Historian. The comet also finds a mention in a Babylonian clay inscription of 164 BC. It has always been a subject of great interest, since it was believed to have an influence on the contemporary events. Armenian king Tigranes II, had its image printed on the coins issued in his regime after it was sighted in 87 BC. Therefore, even though the recurrence of the comet was an unknown fact, people were fascinated by its appearance.The bright star that appeared in the night sky in 12 BC, coinciding with the birth of Jesus, is widely believed to be the Halleys comet. Giotto Di Bondone, the famous Italian painter, who lived before the renaissance era, painted it in his work The Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity, in 1305. He had seen the comet appear in 1301 and was strike by the spectacle. In the middle ages, the appearance of a comet was considered to be a warning sign of a forthcoming danger.The most famous hap of spotting a comet during this period, was in 1066, befor e the Battle of Hastings. King Harold who had lost the battle, was believed to have seen the comet due to which he was cursed. In fact, the Bayeux Tapestry in Normandy, France, signifies the Norman victory in this battle with an image of King Harold looking at the comet in the sky. In 1456, Pope Calixtus III had condemned its appearance considering it to be an disgust omen. Three years prior to this, Europe was defeated by the comfort Empire. Human beings have always blamed celestial phenomena, whenever they have not been able to explain the causes of certain un affirmative events.Historically, the presence of a comet in the night sky was commonly cited as the reason behind problematical situations that were beyond the reasoning of common man. A French physician, Ambroise, had described the dingy conditions of middle ages, when a comet was seen just before the spread of a big epidemic. According to him, some people were scared to death while others fell sick on seeing the comet. It was believed to be some evil form leaving behind a trail of blood, believed to be a sign of misery.Recent SpottingsIn the 16th and the 17th century, scientists learned to calculate the speed and distance at which comets travel around the Sun. Once, Edmond Halley had established the year of its reappearance, Halleys comet became a matter of great interest. Although, he didnt live to see his prediction coming true, his observation had a significant impact on the way society perceived comets. The sighting of a comet, especially Halleys comet became less of a concern and more of a curiosity among people. Once people realized that comets are orbiting bodies just like planets, they became less discerning on the arrival of a comet in the Earths profile zone. The change in the attitude of the people was seen in the depiction of the comet in the contemporary pictures. Halleys comet was a subject of scientific study and was visualized as a beautiful heavenly body in the sky. noteworth y American writer Mark Twain was born in 1835, the year when Halleys comet had appeared.He predicted in 1909 that since he had come with the comet he will go out with it. Sure enough, he passed away a year after the comet reappeared in 1910. In the 1900s, it had appeared twice once in 1910 and then in 1986. Further studies gave us a deep insight into the structure, composition and orbital journey of many different comets. Halleys comet has one of the shortest orbital paths. It is classified as a short period comet, i.e. comets having an orbit period of 200 years or less.Once upon a time, it belonged to the long period class, but due to the gravitational force of planets, its orbit shortened over a period of time. Today, it is known that comets like Hale Bopp which appeared in 1997, will reappear after 4200 years Thus, Halleys comet is the most frequently uneven one. Recently, it was seen in February 1986. During this visit, it was subjected to its biggest scrutiny ever. Five spacec rafts from The European Space Agency, Japan and the USSR were launched to study its surface.Structure and Composition of Halleys CometHalleys comet is a big mass of ice and dust, having an elliptical orbit and shaped like a peanut. It has a highly elongated orbit, taking it very close to the Sun. It flings off far in the outer solar system, similar to a slingshot motion. The composition is mainly of water, sodium monoxide, methane, ammonia, hydrocarbons, iron and sodium. Its closest distance from the Sun was found to be just 0.6 AU (astronomical unit) and the farthest distance was calculated to be 35 AU, roughly the same distance as that of Pluto. It orbits the Sun in a retrograde or in the direction opposite to that of the planets revolution. The speed with respect to the Earth is quite high, since it is highly eccentric and inclined.The day time is relatively more on its surface and its maximum temperature rises up to 77 degrees celsius. Due to its large size and a well-defined an d regular orbit, it was lenient for the canvass missions photograph it closely and study its surface. The mass of the comet is 1.71015 kilograms and the size of the nucleus has been estimated to be 15 km 7 km 7 km. Winds blowing near its surface are so strong that 1 gram particle of dust which hit the Giotto space probe, briefly destabilized it. Halleys comet will next appear in 2062. Comets have always been a fascination for merciful beings and will continue to mesmerize generations to come, as we discover more interesting facts about these spectacular fireballs, the comets.Comet lullinComet Lulin was discovered on July 11, 2007, by the duo of Ye Quanzhi and Lin Chi-Sheng. A non-periodic comet, Lulin appears to be greenish in color. This green color is attributed to the presence of gases such as cyanogen and diatomic carbon, which produce a green glow when illuminated by sunlight in the vacuum of the space. Officially designated as C/2007 N3 (Lulin), it is also known as the Co met of Cooperation in China and Taiwan, as the two individuals involved in its discovery, were from these two countries. This comet was first photographed by Taiwanese astronomer Lin Chi-Sheng on July 11, 2007, while he was working on the Lulin Sky Survey go out (LUSS) at the Lulin observatory in Nantou, Taiwan. The Lulin Sky Survey Project aims to identify the numerous small objects in the solar system, particularly those that pose possible hazards to our planet. Lin used a 16-inch telescope to photograph this comet, which was initially assumed to be an asteroid.A few days later, Ye Quanzhi, a 19-year old school-age child of meteorology from Sun Yat-Sen University, China, recognized this comet while going through Lins photographs. Its status of being a comet was confirmed after the presence of coma, the nebular envelope around the nucleus of the comet, was sight. Both, Lin and Quanzhi were accredited with the discovery of this new comet. As it was first noticed from the Lulin O bservatory, it was named as Comet Lulin. Comet Lulin was seen in the Libra constellation from January to March 2009. In January, it was getting brighter and could be seen just before dawn while in February, the brightness reached its peak. Eventually, in March, it started to fade as it went farther away from the Earth. While it was starting the Earth, it had a typical tail pointing away from the Sun, as well as an anti-tail which was directly pointing towards the sun. Although, it was assumed that this anti-tail was observed only in photographs, some observers reported that it was visible even from a telescope in February 2009.According to Brian Marsden, an astronomer at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Massachusetts, this comets closest progression to the sun was on January 10, 2009 when it reached a distance of 113 million miles from the sun. He noticed that the comet was moving in a retrograde orbit that is near-parabolic. On February 24, Comet Lulin came the closest to t he Earth, at a distance of 0.41 AU or 38 million miles to be precise. On February 4, 2009, a team of Italian astronomers, under the leadership of Ernesto Guido, witnessed a strange phenomenon taking place in comet Lulin. While photographing the comet with a remotely controlled telescope in New Mexico, they saw that its tail all of a sudden disconnected. Ernesto attributed this odd phenomenon to magnetic disturbance of the solar wind hitting the comet. Earlier, this had been observed with Comet Encke too, when coronal mass ejection occurred, due to such magnetic storms.Photographs interpreted by NASAs Swift Gamma-ray Explorer satellite in ultra-violet and X-rays show that Lulin is shedding 800 gallons of water every second. Observations by NASA also revealed that the surface material of the comet was burning away due to suns heat. This sighting of Comet Lulin was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the whole world, as there is no possibility of this comet go to the inner solar sy stem, at least not for the next thousand years. Human kind has always looked to the heavens in awe and wonder, and sometimes in fear. Perhaps no other astronomical phenomenon except a total solar eclipse has historically evoked as much fear as comets. When the specter of fear is removed, however, they emerge as strikingly beautiful objects in the sky. It was once believed that if earth passed through a tail of a comet, its inhabitants would die this theory has been discredited.Comets are messengers from a time long past. Most are chunks of dirty ice, locked away in the Oort cloud for billions of years. (Oort cloud It is the source for long period comets, with orbital periods of greater than two hundred years.) Comets are familiar to nearly everyone as striking star like objects with long tails stretching across a wide wad of the sky. The most famous comet, Halleys comet makes its return to the skies every seventy-five years. The word comet is derived from a Greek word meaning long haired Comets were greatly feared before the twentieth century as bad omens. Since then, they have been identified and cataloged as objects that come from deep space. Most of them occupy orbits that carry them far outside the solar system. Many of them make only a single approach to the sun and never return again, while others exist in stable, but highly elliptical orbits that allow them to return after an extended period of time, such as the Halleys comet.In 1986, the European space probe Giotto passed about 600 kilometers from the Comet Halley as it made its close approach to the sun. The probe corroborate existing theories that comets are made up of ices covered by morose dust or demesne. The spacecraft confirmed a theory that had been advanced prior to the reconnaissance that described comets as dirty snowballs. Using discipline taken by the spacecraft, scientists determined that the dust is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other metals have also been di scovered in comets, such as iron, calcium, nickel, potassium, copper and silicon. Halleys comet was one of the darkest objects ever seen in the solar system it was basically compressed black. Comets are composed of a mixture of ices and dust. As a comet approaches the sun, it absorbs the suns energy and warms up. The main body of the comet is called the nucleus. As the nucleus warms, the ice beneath the comets soil evaporates.Because the comet has no atmosphere, the evaporated substance (also called a erratic) escapes into the vacuum of space as a gaseous envelope that surrounds the comet called coma. As the coma grows, it forms a plume of vapor that carries away some of the comets surface as well. This mixture of evaporated volatile particles and dust is carried away from the comet by solar wind, is ionized by high-energy particles, and creates the spectacular tail of the comet. The comets tail, glowing in the solar wind, can stream behind the comet for millions of kilometers. Th e nucleus of the comet consists of mostly volatile ices and dust. The ice is nearly all water ice, but there is also evidence of ices composed of carbon dioxide and methane. More elementary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may exist as volatile ices.Comets are typically small bodies (comparatively). Halleys comet is a potato shaped object, 14 by 17 kilometers. The largest known comet is Chiron, which is estimated to be approximately 200 kilometers in diameter. Comets are thought to have formed as the solar system evolved. The material of which comets are composed was constructed by accretion at the outer edge of the disk of material that ultimately became the sun and planets. Because the comet material was fashioned at the outer edge of the solar system, the sun did not evaporate the volatiles in the cometary material.At the same time, the giant planets of the solar system formed at what would become the outer orbits of the solar system. These massive planets encou ntered the newly formed comets, and the ones that were not engulfed by the giant planets were, over the first billion years, catapulted into interstellar space by the planets massive gravitational fields. non all comets met that fate, however. Some were gently nudged into stable orbits closer to the sun. Others were flung into the inner solar system and impacted the inner planets.Relevance The study of comets involves detailed acquaintance of its composition of the outer regions of the solar system and the space between the last planet and 100,000 astronomical units onwards. Cometary study also seeks to understand entangled gravitational interactions between bodies separated by wide distances and even gravitational interactions between tiny comets, their behavior when approaching the sun, and something of the makeup and evolution of the early solar system. New comets approaching the sun for the first time have been held in deep freeze in the Oort cloud and are thought to be compo sed of primordial material of the newly forming solar system. They have been tied up in the Oort cloud for billions of years at temperatures meagerly above absolute zero. As they approach the sun, their internal gases begin to go away. A detailed study of an approaching comet may tell cosmologists about the composition of the early solar systems. Comets and their approach have also hinted at the existence of the elusive brown gnome, thought to be one of the most common bodies of interstellar space.Because they are so dim, they are all but invisible from Earth. On the other hand, because brown dwarfs are thought to be so plentiful, the study of comets and their orbits may give the first real clues to the agents reality and abundance. In the early 1980s the existence of the astronomic tidal action was merely venture. Since then, careful study of cometary orbits and approaches has favorable supported the theory of galactic tides. In the close approach of Halleys comet by an unman ned spacecraft in 1986, a wealth of information was recovered on the shape, behavior, and composition of comets. The existence of the Oort cloud and the concept gravitational interactions by passing objects in space have led to the theory of periodic comet showers. Such comet showers, separated by periods of tens of millions of years, may be responsible for the mass extinction on Earth.There is a wide speculation that Earth was struck by one or more comets 70 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Some scientists have speculated that this extinction was the result of a shower of comets from the Oort cloud, sent on their close approach to the sun by a passing star or brown dwarf through the Oort cloud. Comets have been used to judge vast distances, evaluate the composition of the solar system as it was being born, and even test the idea that the gravity of the entire galaxy can make a inconsistency to the smallest objects in space.Comets have been used as yardsticks to ev aluate what may be the most type of star in the galaxy-the brown dwarf-which ironically is one that may never be seen. They have also been called dirty snowballs. Halleys comet was so black that it was the darkest object ever seen in space. Yet, from these dirty specks of ice, cosmologists have witnessed some of the most spectacular light shows. Ultimately comets may also generate clues to some of the most fundamental secrets about the solar system and planets. From these tiny messengers, cosmologists may unlock and examine pristine elements from creation itself.